TEK is a fuel and energy complex. Industry

Fuel and energy complex of Russiais a combination of various industries that are engaged in the extraction of critical resources. Enterprises that carry out work in this area also perform their processing, transformation and delivery to consumers.

Value

The sphere of activity in question isAs a powerful base for the functioning of absolutely all sectors of the national economy of the country. The pace at which the fuel and energy complex develops has an impact on the economic indicators and the scale of social production. This fact is conditioned by the fact that the sphere under consideration at all times determined the degree of scientific and technical progress.

Characteristics of the fuel and energy complex

This field of activity is presented in the form ofcomplex system. It includes oil, shale, coal, gas, nuclear, peat industry, electric power. In its composition there is a powerful production infrastructure in the form of trunk lines, pipelines that make up unified networks. The fuel and energy complex of Russia is considered one of the most ambitious spheres of management. It accounts for about 1/3 of the total value of fixed assets of production activities and capital investments in industry. The fuel and energy complex uses up to 2/3 of the produced pipes, a huge volume of engineering products.

Balance

It underlies the activities of the fuel and energy sector. This is the ratio of the extraction of resources and their production to their use. Existing reserves in the country are measured in conventional units. This indicator should be understood as a unit of coal (Donetsk), which produces 7000 kcal of heat. The most caloric resource is oil. It allocates 10 thousand kcal. Following the oil is a combustible gas with an indicator of 8 thousand kcal. Caloric content of peat is 3 thousand kcal.

Historical reference

Until the 90's. In the last century, the fuel and energy sector expanded at an accelerated pace. From 1941 to 1989, the extraction of resources was increased 11 times. At the same time, energy production increased 34 times. In 1989, the volume of production amounted to 2.3 billion tons of mineral resources. This figure was equal to 20% of the world's quantity. Also in 1989, power was generated at 1,722 billion kW / h. But since the beginning of the 1990s, the fuel and energy industry has begun to experience a crisis. As one of the main reasons for the recession, depletion and development of large deposits, reduction of volumes of coal and oil production acted. In addition, crisis phenomena directly in the economy of the country were of no small importance.

Restructuring the structure

The fuel and energy complex is a complex system. When there is a crisis, it is not so easy to restore the existing balance. To return to the previous advanced level, it is necessary to implement energy-saving policies, implement changes in the balance sheet. As the most important directions in the restructuring of the consumption structure, the replacement of organic resources by other carriers is mainly. These include nuclear and hydro, solid and liquid fuels. In addition, new sources need to be expanded.

Fuel industry

It is represented as a set of directionsextraction of all types of resources and their processing. By the volume of reserves, the CIS is considered to be the only association of states from the major industrial countries in the world, which is fully provided for by all FERs and carries out their large exports. The leading role in this is given to Russia. Total resources of the country - 6183 billion tons of conventional units. 57% of the world's coal reserves, over 25% of natural gas, more than 60% of peat, more than 50% of shale, and 12% of hydro resources are concentrated in the territory of the state. The predominant position is occupied by coal. It accounts for about 9/10 of all deposits.

Coal industry

It is considered to be the advanced sector of the fuel and energy complex. This is due to the fact that the volume of resources significantly exceeds all other areas. In addition, a significant amount of labor is concentrated in the coal industry. The cost of production assets is also significantly higher than in other industries. Aggregate geological reserves amount to 6806 billion tons, of which balance reserves are 419 billion. Over 1/10 of the coals produced in the country are coking species. Their main reserves are located in the Pechora, South Yakutia, Kuzbass and other basins. About 75% of the resources are in the Tunguska (2299 billion tons), Lensk (more than 1,600 billion tons), the Kansk-Achinsk (more than 600 billion) basins and the Kuzbass (600 billion tons).

Oil production

The volume of the country's reserves is about 150 billionTo date, European and West Siberian basins have been explored by 65-70%, and East Siberian and Far Eastern - by 6-8%. Marine shelves are studied only by 1%. Such low indicators are due to inaccessibility of areas, the complexity of climatic conditions. However, 46% of prospective and almost 60% of forecasted oil reserves are concentrated in them. The main supplier today is Western Siberia. About 2/3 of domestic oil is produced in the Middle Ob area. The next large area is the Volga-Urals. Shelfs of the Okhotsk and Barents Seas are considered as promising deposits.

Gas industry

This sector of the fuel and energy complex began to expand in the 1950slast century. It includes the extraction of natural and associated gas, as well as the production of coke oven gas in the factories. The volume of potential reserves is estimated at 80-85 trillion m³, reconnoitered - in 34.3 trillion. The European part accounts for only 12%, for the eastern part - 88%. Prospects for improving the gas industry today are associated with the development of deposits located on the Yamal Peninsula.

Electricity

Electric power industry is represented as a complexindustry. In its composition, there are several areas that produce and transfer resources to consumers. It is considered a key sector of the fuel and energy sector. This is due to the fact that this sphere ensures the functioning of the entire national economy of the country. It determines the level of scientific and technical progress. Electric power industry, among other things, is the most important factor in the territorial organization of economic activity. Russia ranks second in the world for the production of electricity. The bulk of the energy produced goes to industry - about 60%, 9% is consumed by agriculture, 9.7% is transport. The remaining consumers are delivered 13.5%.

NPP

Atomic stations today are considered the mostperspective objects of electric power generation. At the moment, 9 nuclear power plants operate in the country. The stations use transportable fuel. These facilities are aimed at consumers located in areas with tight balance, with limited mineral resources. Nuclear power belongs to the branches of high science intensity. NPPs are considered to be the most environmentally friendly sources provided they are reliable and well-designed. The functioning of these objects does not lead to the appearance of a "greenhouse effect", which acts as a result of the massive use of organic resources. But in case of disruption of operation, nuclear power plants are the most dangerous in the ecological plan. The share of total output is 12% in the country. The total capacity of the existing stations is 20.2 million kW.