ICE (internal combustion engine): general characteristics, types
Thermal expansion of gases is now used in a variety of devices. This turbojet engines, and diesel engines, and carburetors ... The thermal unit can be of two types:
- engine with external combustion;
- ICE (internal combustion engine).
Consider in detail the device of the second type.
general characteristics
Most cars are now installedsuch devices, where the principle of the internal combustion engine is to release heat and convert it into mechanical work. This process is performed in cylinders.
The most economical options are piston and combined motors.
They can be operated for a long timetime and are relatively small in size and weight. But the minus in them is the movement of the piston, occurring in a reciprocating manner with the participation of a crank mechanism, which, on the one hand, makes the work more complicated, and on the other hand it is a limiting factor in increasing the rotational speed. Most strongly, the latter is noticeable with large motor dimensions.
The creation, development and, in general, the work of the engineinternal combustion, certainly based on the effect of thermal expansion, in which heated gases perform useful work. As a result of combustion, the pressure in the cylinder jumps sharply, and the piston moves. This is the principle of force action, in which thermal expansion is used, which is used in ICE and other technologies.
Most cars today are four-stroke, and the energy in them almost completely turns into a useful one.
A bit of history
The first mechanism of this type was created in 1860year by a French engineer, and two years later his compatriot proposed to use a four-cycle cycle, where the operation of the internal combustion engine included the processes of suction, compression, combustion and expansion, and exhaust.
In 1878, the German physicist invented the first four-cycle, the efficiency of which reached 22%, which greatly exceeded the characteristics of all predecessors.
Advantages and disadvantages
Mainly the success is explained by practicalcharacteristics, consisting in economy, compactness and good adaptability. In addition, the engine can be started in the most usual conditions, after which it accelerates quickly and reaches full load. For vehicles it is important such a characteristic of it, as a significant braking torque.
The engine (engine) is able to work on different types of fuel, from gasoline to boiler oil.
However, these motors also have a number of disadvantages, amongwhich are limited power, large noise, very frequent rotation of the crankshaft during start-up, inability to connect with the driving wheels, toxicity, reciprocating reciprocating motion.
Housing
The body is a classicala design consisting of a block of cylinders, their heads, and in the case of a detachable lower part of the crankcase, and a fundamental frame with lids. There is also a one-piece construction. Such diversity, of course, implies a different approach to repair.
Elements of the motor body are the base where the timing parts and crank-connecting mechanism, cooling systems, power supply, lubrication and so on are fastened.
Classification
The most widespread engine (internal combustion engine), in which the process occurs in the cylinders themselves. But motors can be classified according to other different signs.
By the way of working cycle they are:
- two-stroke;
- four-stroke.
By the way the mixture is formed in the engine, the engine is:
- with external education (gas and carburettor);
- motor with internal formation of a mixture (diesel).
By cooling method:
- with liquid;
- with air.
According to the cylinders:
- single cylinder;
- two-cylinder;
- multi-cylinder.
By their location:
- row (vertical or inclined);
- V-shaped.
By filling the cylinder with air:
- without boost;
- with supercharging.
The frequency of rotation of the engine (engine) is:
- slow moving;
- increased frequency;
- high-speed.
On the used fuel:
- multi-fuel;
- gas;
- diesel;
- petrol.
By compression ratio:
- high;
- low.
By appointment:
- autotractor;
- aviation;
- stationary;
- ship and so on.
Power
The power of automobile aggregates is usually calculated in horsepower.
This term was introduced at the end of the eighteenthcentury English inventor who watched the horses pulling baskets of coal from the mines. Measuring the weight of the cargo and the height at which it is raised, D. Watt calculated how much coal the horse can pull in a minute from a certain depth. Subsequently, this unit was called the well-known term "horsepower". After the International System of Units (SI) was adopted in 1960, ls. became an auxiliary unit, which is 736 watts.
