Accounting for intangible assets in accounting. Examples of accounting transactions

Fixed assets and intangible assetsact as key elements of the financial system of the enterprise. In this regard, the problem of the distribution and control of the movement of these resources is very relevant. Next, consider how accounting of intangible assets in accounting.

General information

As it says, 3 PBU 1/2007, intangible assets are part of the property of the enterprise. This category has a number of features. In particular, intangible assets include resources that:

• Do not have physical (material-material)structure. This feature distinguishes the organization's intangible assets from other non-current categories. In a practical sense, this means that the physical wear and tear of this group of resources is impossible. This feature, in turn, assumes their inventory according to a special order (examples of accounting transactions showing this will be given below)
• Can be distinguished (separated) by the enterprise fromother property. The use of intangible assets can be carried out in different divisions of the company, regardless of the operation of other resources. The letter of the Ministry of Finance explains that the main feature, according to which the separation of elements occurs, is the performance by them of independent functions in the provision of services, the performance of work, the production of goods or in the process of applying them in the company's management system.
• Have the ability to bring companieseconomic profit (benefit) in the future. Explain this can be as follows: management or production activities are carried out within the framework of entrepreneurial activity in general. The main purpose of the latter is profit.
• They are not supposed to be oversold. In this case, an important point needs to be clarified. The above circumstance does not mean that the considered category of resources can not be resold. Speech in this case is solely about the original purpose for which the formation or acquisition of intangible assets was carried out - for sale to other subjects of commercial activity without exploitation from the seller.
• Designed for use in the manufacture ofproducts, during the execution of works and services or for the management of the company. In this case, accounting of intangible assets in accounting is carried out without accession to them of exclusive rights and items of intellectual property of the non-productive sphere.
• They have properly issued documents. The papers confirm the existence of the asset itself, the company's exclusive right to the results of intellectual work. As documents can act patents, the contract of a concession or acquisition of a trade mark, certificates and other. It should be noted that ensuring compliance with this condition is accompanied by the fact that when transferring rights to use intellectual property items, mandatory registration requires them.
• Purchased for use withinlong time. In this case, we mean a period of more than 12 months. or a normal operating cycle if its duration exceeds a year. On the one hand, since the most frequently used intangible assets are the rights to use certain intellectual property items, the signing of contracts for a period less than the specified is considered inexpedient. On the other hand, it is this length of operation that allows them to be classified as non-current resources. This also establishes the procedure for transferring the total amount of expenses and records the amortization of intangible assets.

Norms and rules

PBU 1/2007 currently operates withoutchanges, although Part 4 of the Civil Code was adopted. However, some letters from the Ministry of Finance indicate that some work is being done in this direction. Accounting for intangible assets in accounting includes:

• Establishment of exact correspondence of actual reporting to the requirements of existing normative acts.
• Preparation of analytical accounting data tothe expected transition to the rules, which will be presumably adjusted in accordance with the adopted fourth part of the Civil Code. This is due to the fact that in the new document there are fundamental differences from the previous rules.
• Preparation of documentation, according to whichwill be recorded those objects that can be ranked, according to part 4, to intangible assets. Here, first of all, we are talking about production secrets, the turnover of which is not regulated by law for today.
• Preparing for inventory of intangibleassets. Additionally, in the course of the process itself, you should verify that the documentation confirming the rights to a certain resource is consistent with the new provision of the Civil Code. If there are discrepancies, author's, license and other agreements may require re-registration. At the same time, it can not be ruled out that during the re-registration the useful life will be changed. This, in turn, can affect the accounting for amortization of intangible assets.

Types of NMA

Intangible assets of the company should include exclusive rights to:

• Programs for PCs, databases.
• Industrial design, invention, selection achievements, utility model. This right has a patentee.
• Trademark, name of the place of production.
• Objects of copyright and related rights to objects owned by the company.

Receipt of NMA

The most common way is toreceipt for a fee. According to clause 6 of the relevant Regulation, the initial value of intangible assets is established as the amount of actual purchase costs without VAT and other reimbursable income, except as provided in the legislation. The actual costs can be:

• The amounts paid to the seller in accordance with the terms of the contract of assignment of rights.
• Customs and patent fees, registration fees and other similar payments made in connection with the acquisition of rights.
• The amounts paid by enterprises for consulting and information services, which are related to the purchase of NMA.
• Remuneration paid to the intermediary organization, through which the asset was obtained.
• Non-refundable taxes.
• Other expenses related directly to the purchase of intangible assets.

If the terms of the contract are paid by the NMAprovide for deferred payment or deferred payment, actual costs are taken into account in the full amount of the debt. In the process of acquiring intangible assets, additional expenses may arise. This is the cost of bringing the NMA into a usable state. These include, in particular, the remuneration of employees engaged in this work, the corresponding deductions for social security and insurance, material and other costs. If there are additional costs, the cost of the NMA will increase. As stated in clause 8 of PBU 1/2007, the actual costs of obtaining intangible assets do not include general and other costs, except when directed to direct purchase of NMA.

Special requirements

The estimate of the NMA, the value of which is determined atpurchase in foreign currency, should be carried out in rubles. Recalculation is made at the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, which is effective at the time of the transaction on receipt by the enterprise of the right of ownership, operational management and economic management. According to clause 27 of the Regulation "Accounting for intangible assets in accounting", the goodwill of a company can be defined as the difference between the purchase price of an enterprise (as purchased property as a whole) and the price (on balance) of all its liabilities and resources. Negative reputation is considered as a discount to the buyer, due to the absence of a factor of the presence of regular customers, proper quality, sales and marketing skills, management experience, business ties, the proper qualification of employees, etc., and is accounted for as revenues of forthcoming periods. In the Tax Code there is no special rule for recording liabilities and property received upon the acquisition of the company. In the letter of the Ministry of Finance there is, however, an explanation. It states that the obligations of the purchased company are recorded at the cost specified in the balance sheet, and the negative reputation acting as the buyer's income in the reporting period in which, in fact, the acquisition took place.

Accounting policy

Requirements for its drafting are regulatedthe relevant Regulation. It establishes the basis for the formation (justification and selection), as well as disclosure (promulgation) of the accounting policies of companies acting as legal entities, in accordance with the law. An exception are budgetary institutions and credit enterprises. Accounting policy of the company should provide for ways of maintaining balance. In accordance with clause 12 of the Regulation, this is:

• Methods for estimating the reserves of production, goods in progress and finished products.
• Methods of depreciation of tangible, intangible assets and fixed assets.
• Methods of recognizing the profit from the provision of services, the sale of goods, the performance of work.

In general, this includes any methods thatcomply with item 11 of the Regulations. If there is significant uncertainty about the conditions and events during the preparation of the statements, which in turn may cast doubt on the applicability of the production continuity assumption, the company must point to it and describe unambiguously how it is conditioned. Based on the foregoing, it can be said that an enterprise in the formation of a policy should disclose accounting methods that have a significant impact on the evaluation and subsequent decision-making by those who are interested in reporting. They are recognized as such, without knowledge of the use of which a reliable analysis of the financial situation, the movement of money or the results of the company's activities is impossible.

Examples of accounting transactions

There is a special instruction for conductingarticles of income and expenditure of the enterprise budget. In accordance with it, when writing off the items of the NMA, their price is reduced by the amount of depreciation that was accrued over the period of operation, if it was accounted for by acc. 05. How is this reflected? This is fixed by correspondence on the loan "Intangible Assets" (account 04) and debit from. 05. The residual value of the retired NMA is written off from the loan. 04 to debit of inv. 91 "Other expenses and incomes". The balance under the last account is established every month by comparing the credit and debit turnover. It is written off from the sub-account 9 "Balance of Other Expenses and Incomes" on invoices. 99 - "Losses and profits."

Useful life

The object accepted for accountingAn intangible asset is set for a period of operation. At the end of this period, the NMA should be written off. This task is implemented on the basis of an act that is drawn up by a commission specially created. Its composition is determined by the head of the company. In accordance with the act approved by the head of the enterprise, the object of the NMA is written off from the register. A corresponding entry is made in the Card. Depreciation charge on an intangible asset ceases from the first day of the month following the period during which the full repayment of the price of the intangible asset was effected. The company, say, owns the NMA, the initial price of which is 18,000 rubles. (without VAT). The period of its operation is set at five years and ends in December. The depreciation amount accumulated during the period of use will amount to 17,700 rubles on November 30. In December, the company must make certain records of how intangible assets are exploited. Postings should be like this.

Write-off of NMA

In the production activity of the companyquite often the situation when, for various reasons, intangible assets become unsuitable for later use. In this case, they are written off. This event is held in accordance with an act that is drawn up by the commission and approved by the management of the enterprise. In the document it is necessary to specify:

• The original value of an intangible asset subject to write-off.
• Residual price of the item.
• Depreciation amount accrued during operation.
• The reasons for writing off and other information.

The act approved by the management is passed on to theaccounting of the company. There, a note is made that the NMA has dropped out, and corresponding records are being made about it. Together with the asset, the depreciation amounts accrued during its operation are also written off. Unsuitable NMA can not participate in the production process and bring the company revenue. The write-off is reflected as follows.

Decrease in economic incomes of the enterprise atretirement of an intangible asset is considered a cost. This is established in clause 2 of the Regulation. In this case, according to paragraph 11 of the same document, expenses related to the retirement, sale and other write-off of funds other than cash are considered operating costs.

Contract of gift

In the process of operation, the company maygratuitously transfer intangible asset. This is the conclusion of the gift agreement. According to Art. 423 GK transfer is considered free of charge, if a party that provides something to another entity does not receive a fee from him or a counter-delivery. In Art. 574, item 2 of the Civil Code, it is established that if the donor is a juror. person, and the cost of transferring more than 5 times the minimum wage, the gift contract is concluded in writing. At the same time gratuitous transfer is prohibited between commercial companies (except for ordinary gifts, the price of which is not higher than the established minimum wages).