Examples of bylina. Heroes of Russian epics

Bylins - a kind of oral folkcreativity in a song-and-epic manner. Their plot, as a rule, is based on the description of some extraordinary event from the past or a notable historical episode. The heroes of the epic epic are diverse in character, but their power is always turned towards the struggle against evil. The enemies of the heroes are described in no less color, each character is a typical villain. Examples of epics are numerous, but some need to be highlighted, this will be discussed in this article.

How did the literary term "epic"

The current name was proposed in 1839philologist Ivan Sakharov, who published his essay in the publication "Songs of the Russian people." The scientist used the expression "according to the epic", which means "according to the facts". "Byl", "former", "epic" - the linguistic choice turned out to be successful.

Traditionally, the epics are divided into two broadcycle: Kiev and Novgorod. With the first connected the main number of characters, it also dominates the stories, which feature the capital city of Kiev and the yard of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, and later Vladimir Monomakh.

The heroes of the heroes are: Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, Stavr Godinovich, Churilo Plenkovic, Mikhailo Potyk. Novgorod epic heroes are the garde merchant Sadko and the hero Vasily Buslaev. "Senior" Kiev bogatyrs - Mikula Selyaninovich, Svyatogor and Volga.

Researchers

Examples of epic are characterized by the fact that up toIn the 18th century no one recorded them. The first collection in the authorship of Kirsi Danilov was created in Moscow only in 1804. And only after that followed augmented reissues. On the wave of interest to the epic epic in the 1830s-1850s, the Slavophile Pyotr Vasilyevich Kireevsky organized a collection of folkloric works. In a short time, he and his assistants recorded several hundred epic tales in the Volga and northern provinces, and then in Siberia and the Urals. The result of the work of the group of researchers became 80 subjects.

In general, examples of the epic epic were completelyare systematized in a short time, and philologists have the opportunity to work with a vast epic material. The result of this was the use of folklore works in dissertations and scientific works. The most significant examples of the epic creativity of the Russian people were brought to the international level.

Most of the epic tales hadmythological basis with a description of natural phenomena of extreme nature and bogatyrs, overcoming their consequences. And this was always done successfully. For several centuries the bylinas were altered in every possible way, reshaped and shortened. At one time the stories were mixed with the oral folklore works of the West, but it ended in profanity, and such attempts were stopped from now on. In the end, the epic epic ordered.

Characteristic features

Gradually, the bylinas adopted a stablefolklore and literary form, and thus a quite definite poetic style appeared, consisting of a combination of dactyl with a trochee, and later from anapaestes. There were practically no rhymes, everything was based on the euphony of the verse and its musicality. The poetic epics differed from "pobyvalshchin", primitive statements in prose, which as art were not accepted by the public. The syllable of the original epic is always rich in poetic phrases, it is full of epithets, allegories and comparisons. At the same time, the verses are clear and logical in their sound.

Usually the poetic epic was divided into two parts. The narrator, according to the first one, had to improvise, present the texts as if from himself, and the second part obliged him to follow a certain pattern, to typically convey the content in precise terms, without changing a single word. Thus, a verbal mosaic was obtained, which did not always look organic. Much depended on the talent of the narrator.

Ilya Muromets, the hero of the epic

"...He lived under the town of Murom, in the village of Karacharovo, a peasant of the hero's height, but could not walk, he was lying on the stove. The fact that his legs did not go saddened Ilya. Heard he, robbers along the roads of people are robbing, Serpent Gorynych in Russia is rampant, so the girls have completely exhausted the girls. How to help the native land, Ilya was sad.

Wanderers helped, that the water came to drink. They beat and corrected the feet of Ilya Muromets, he got up, he found the silk silk unprecedented. I bought a horse for myself, I groomed, I poured out in the morning dew, and Ilya's horse began to stand up, strong and fast.

Ilya gathered, saddled Burushka, and galloped up the order in Russia, only he was seen. "

Sadko

Russian folk folklore is distinguished by a variety of subjects and decorative features. Heroes fall on the island where the monsters live, then in the ocean, where they are waiting for the king of the sea with mermaids.

Bylina "Sadko" - one of the best epicworks. Based on her motives, the opera Rimsky-Korsakov with the same name was created. In addition, the epic "Sadko" served as a plot for the film directed by Alexander Ptushko with Sergei Stolyarov and Alla Larionova in the lead roles.

"... In the glorious Novograd, how the merchant Sadko lived,rich, handsome. Previously, he had only harp lobster, feast invited to play, so he lived. But only here did not call him more than once, and not two, or three, thought Sadko, went out to Ilmen-lake, sat down on a white-fuel stone, touched the strings.

The water rises in waves, the king appeared sea. "Gloriously you play, Sadko, how are you to thank you? Al treasury of gold?" Come to Novograd and strike oh, a big mortgage. "Lay a violent head against the merchant's merchandise, which is exorbitant." So tell me: there is gold fish in Ilmen Lake. I'll give you three gold fish-feathers. "

The merchants Novogradsky lost all their goodsred guslar Sadko, he began to bargain, to receive big profits. He got rich and returned the merchants their red goods. And he began to live on his new wealth. And how Sadko sailed across the seas and brought his wife - this is another story ... "

Bogatyri Volga and Mikula Selyaninovich

Among the Russian epic images there are heroes, which narrators are endowed with unprecedented power, and while they live in an unusual setting, match their fabulous power.

Bylina "Wolga and Mikula" is a great examplefolklore, which shows how the heroes of the Russian epic unite to combat the excesses in Russia. In those troubled times, officialdom in Russia was disbanded, all issues were resolved only for bribes. From the misconduct of "state services" suffered a simple plowman Mikula Selyaninovich, this is what the epic "Volga and Mikula" tells about.

"... the night was spilled across the sky, and was born in the morningin Rus-Mother the hero of the young Volga Vseslavich. The baby slept for an hour, stretched, and all the diapers burst, the gold belts. And so Volga said to my mother: "Madam-mother, do not wrap me, put iron in your armor, put your helmet in your hands and give you a stop-trial club." Mother was scared, and Volga is growing by leaps and bounds, growing and learning to read. As six years have passed, I went for a walk, the earth shook. The animals hid, the birds flew away, and Volga let us invent all sorts of fun: then the falcon will fly up to the sky, then it will jump by deer, or turn around in a gray wolf. And as the hero struck 15 years old, here he did good deeds. And what - is another story ... "

Mikula Selyaninovich

"... In the early sun Volga and his team assembledhis in the cities to collect taxes, drove, maybe a mile, as they hear - someone plows nearby, plows pebbles on the pebbles. We went to the plowman, but they can not reach us, they did not reach us in the evening, we did not reach the next day, only the plowshare sweeps and the plowman whistles. We arrived on the third day, at sunset. He climbed down from the horse Volga, bowed to the plowman in the belt: "Hello, good man, in the field of workers!" "Be healthy, Volga Vseslavovich, where do you keep your path?"

How long, shortly, did they talk about this, yes, yeswent together robbers on the big road to scream. A hundred cities and a thousand villages were liberated, and that plowman was Mikula Selyaninovich, a Russian bogatyr. They became friends with Volga, and the next day all the evil spirits were brought out, taken out clean. And what a feast they had on the tables of oak trees and in the woods - another story will tell about this ... "

Ilya Muromets and Nightingale the Robber

Most of the works of the Russian epictextbook, time for them is not powerful, and their popularity is growing year by year. Masterpieces are included in school curricula, and scientific research is conducted on them. Bylina "The Nightingale the Robber and Ilya Muromets" is just such a work.

"... A Nightingale sits on a damp oak, a robber,Odikhmantiev's son. Then he will whistle like a nightingale, or he will scream like an animal. Whether from the whistling, or from the roar, the grass-mug fell, the flowers of the azure were showered, the dark forest landed on the ground, and whoever is from the people-all the dead are lying. A straight road for five hundred versts all fell, and a roundabout ride - for a thousand.

Cossack Ilya Muromets was passing by, a bow takes a tight,tevorochku silk pulled, pointed arrow stuck. He was shooting at that one on the damp oak of Nightingale the Robber. Yes, he tore the eye off and tore it down to the ground, tied it to the stapes, and drove along the clean field past the nest and the nightingale ... "