High Renaissance in Italy

In the 15th century, in Western Europe, whereFor centuries, culture, art and philosophy were dominated by medieval scholasticism, religious theocentrism, that is, aspiration to God, denial of earthly life, which was considered only a prelude to the life of heaven, there is an amazing phenomenon, later called the Renaissance, that is, the Renaissance. The economic prerequisites for this phenomenon were the formation and development of capitalist relations, but the Renaissance is primarily a reassessment of values ​​and a new view of man and the world around him.

Man becomes the center, the yardstick of everythingon the ground. This led to a very significant feature of the culture and art of the Renaissance - the manifestation and development of individualism in the creative worldview and social life. The dominant direction in philosophical, aesthetic theories is humanism, defending the value of the human person. At the same time, the human good is the goal of social and cultural development of society.

The basis for a new humanistic Renaissancethinking lay down the revived in those days interest in ancient culture, which portrayed man as a universal bearer of profound personal traits, a bright individuality. However, such an interpretation of the person was not simply accepted, it was rethought. The inner world of man and his physical structure became a unique expression of the universal, boundless essence, on a scale equal to the universe, which includes the potential for self-development and self-improvement.

Revival in Italy

The aesthetics and culture of the Renaissance arose in Italy. This era is divided into four periods: the Proto-Renaissance, which begins with the XIII century and is considered the time of the birth of a new way of thinking; from the 15th century the early Renaissance begins; At the end of the XV - the beginning of the XVI century, the heyday, called the "High Renaissance", falls; finally, the era of the late Renaissance and the crisis of his ideas comes at the end of the XVI century.

For Protorenaissance, a very closeconnection with the Middle Ages, Gothic, Romanic traditions in architecture and painting. However, at this time the main ideas of the future of the great time are born. The first harbinger of reforms in the visual arts is the work of the famous Italian Giotto (Giotto di Bondone). His paintings are more realistic in the image, the figures of people and the background behind them are voluminous and attractive. At the same time, Italian literature develops. They create their own poetic masterpieces by Dante and Petrarch. By the period of the early Renaissance is the work of the great Italian artist Sandro Botticelli, whose paintings reflect a touching and deep admiration of the earthly female beauty, they are imbued with profound humanism and philanthropy.

By the middle of the XV century, the Renaissance in Italy andacross Europe was firmly established. In painting and literature, the image of the earthly world, "full-blooded", deeply feeling and loving life in all its manifestations of a living earthly man, became the dominant one. Life and objects of the real world were drawn in the smallest detail. Art has become realistic, secular and life-affirming. The development of art and architecture was closely connected with the rapid development of scientific natural science and mechanics.

High Renaissance

The highest Renaissance bloom is at the endXV - the beginning of the XVI century. This period is associated with the activities of such great creators as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, etc. High Revival - this is the peak, the flourishing of the ideas of humanism, whichembodied in a surprising for their aesthetic effect synthesis of form, color and content, reflected in the canvases of artists. Creativity of great masters is characterized by profound psychologicality, realism, subtle penetration into the spiritual and spiritual world of man. During this period, artists use the new principles of painting, which later had a significant impact on European art.

The High Renaissance was replaced by an epoch of crisis. The further development of capitalism has led to disappointment, caused by the discrepancy between the ideas of humanism and the surrounding reality. This period is associated with the emergence of utopias - works, which are based on fantastic ideas about an ideal society. The first Utopian philosophers were Englishman Thomas More and Italian Tommaso Campanella. In painting, the period of the late Renaissance is associated with the appearance of Mannerism. The Mannerist artists (Veronese, Tintoretto, etc.) intentionally embellished reality, violating the principles of harmony and balance.

The Renaissance became the basis for the development andthe formation of European art. During this period, the basic principles of creative creativity emerged, which manifested itself in the further development of art and literature through the years and centuries.