China, the railway. High-speed and high-mountain railways in China

Railway communication in China is one of thepriority modes of transport for both near and long distances. The track infrastructure is very developed and of high quality. It took many years and finances to build and improve it. The railway from China has communications with the transport systems of Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Vietnam, North Korea.

History of the railway

In various historical periods, the construction of railways in China was conducted in different ways. In 1876, the first painting that connected Shanghai with Usun was laid.

In 1881, it was decided to build a roadthe length of ten kilometers from the area of ​​Ziytan Shan-chuan to the settlement of Suigye. In the period from 1876 to 1911, the country built roads, the length of which was 9,100 km. In 1912, the first concept of building a railway was proposed. By 1949, the length of the canvas in the country reached 26,200 km.

In Old China, construction was lowrates, in small quantities and with low quality. Cloths were laid mainly along the coast. In the south-west and north-west of the country there were no railways. The roads were divided into sections and controlled by different institutions.

Under New China, the Ministry of Iron and Steelroads, in the department of which all railway communications have passed. A program of construction and rehabilitation of roads and bridges was created. China was developing, the railway had grown by 1996, and its length reached 64,900 km. Constructed and restored railway stations, increased production of diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, passenger cars.

By 2013, the length of the railway trackswas 103,144 km. As a result of the changes, the capacity and speed of trains increased. The volume of freight and passenger traffic has increased, and the density of train traffic has increased.

By 2020, the state plans to buildmore than 120,000 km of tracks. The railway from China is being built in the direction of Khabarovsk. In addition, a project is being developed that will connect the Chinese South-Sinkiang canvas with Kyrgyzstan.

The scheme of railway tracks

Now the railway infrastructure of Chinais one of the most developed. The length of the roads in the country today is more than 110,000 km. Much attention is paid to the development of railway construction in the port areas and to the west, deep into the continental part.

The population in the PRC is distributeduneven, and the greatest density of the railways of China has in the south-west and east of the country. To encompass the entire territory of the Republic, a network of roads is growing, new technologies are being introduced.

Classification of trains

In China, the train number is indicated by a large letter and numbers. The letter indicates the category of the train. The speed, service, number of stops affects the train category.

• Train type "G" - super-high, can develop a speed of up to 350 km / h.
• Train type "D" - high-speed, its speed is more than 200 km / h, on the way stops only at the main stations. The trains include carriages of the first, second class, there are berths.
• Train type "Z" - goes without stopping, the speed develops 160 km / h, stops at the major train stations. As a rule, this is a night train, it is made up of reserved seats and coupes.
• Train type "T" - express, its speed reaches 140 km / h, stops in large cities and transport stations. In the train the cars are sessile, reserved seats and compartment.
• Train type "K" - develops a speed of 120 km / h, stops in both big cities and in villages. It has sedentary cars and reserved seats.
• Trains without a letter - No Prefix, they belong to old trains with very low speed.

Classes in trains

Wagons in Chinese trains can be divided into 4 types (class).

• Soft sleeping - this coupe is double or four-seater.
• The hard bedroom is a compartment with six shelves.
• Soft sitting.
• Hard seated.

In trains of type "D" there is a concept of "seat of the first and second class", their difference consists in the comfort of the seats.

High-speed trains

China, in order to further dynamicallyIt is necessary to move quickly and conveniently. To do this, the government of the country is doing everything possible. One of the most large-scale infrastructure projects in China is the construction of a network of high-speed railways. It has a wide scope, covers a large territory of the country and is one of the most grandiose in the world. Also, the impetus for the construction of such lines was the Olympics in 2007.

In general, high-speed railChina is built on overpasses - they have the form of bridges stretching hundreds of kilometers. The speed of the train is an average of 200 km / h. The length of such roads in the PRC at the end of 2013 was 15,400 km. On the railway there are sections where the maximum speed of the train can reach 350 km / h.

In China, there is the following classification of speed lines:

• Normal (100-120 km / h).
• Medium-speed (120-160 km / h).
• High-speed (160-200 km / hour).
• High-speed (200-400 km / h).
• Ultra-high-speed (more than 400 km / h).

High-mountain lines

To build a high-mountain railway in Chinabegan in 1984. First, an easy site was developed, and in 2001 they began to develop a complex segment. In the summer of 2006, the highest mountain railway in the world was opened - Qinghai-Tibet. It connects China with Tibet, its length is 1956 km. A segment of the road length of 1,142 km passes through the mountains. About 550 km of railway track is laid in the high tundra zone, the highest mark of the road is 5072 meters above sea level.

Passengers during the trip do not suffer from symptoms of mountain sickness, as the cars are airtight, and the air in the cars is enriched with oxygen, there is protection from solar radiation.

In the high-mountainous tundra zone, the train moves at a speed of 100 km / h, the rest of the way the train moves at a speed of 120 km / h.

The railway from China to Tibet provides a stable communication between states. Lightness and quick access ensured its popularity not only for residents of these countries, but also for tourists.

Railways on the Hainan Island

China's high-speed railways are not developedonly on the mainland, but also on the islands. Interestingly and uniquely their construction on the island of Hainan. The railroad on this piece of land is a ring that is conditionally divided into the western and eastern halves. The length of the ring is 308 km. Its construction in the western part of the island took place during a difficult period of World War II. It was built in parts. Finally, the work was completed only by 2004. In 2006-2007, it underwent modernization, and now serves trains with a speed capability of 120-160 km / h. In 2007, the connection of the island's railway with the mainland via a ferry appears.

The construction of the line in the eastern part of the island began in late 2007, ended in 2010, and in the same year the second part of the ring was put into operation.

Features of Chinese Railways

In China there is a special regime for admission to the platform. You can go to the train only at the time of its submission. At the stations that he passes without stopping, you can only see employees of the station.

In China, a weak transport connection with neighboringstates. Despite the fact that there is a through route and operating infrastructure, the railway from China is closed, and the border has to be crossed on foot.

The purchase of a train ticket also has its ownfeatures. All tickets in China are sold only with the presence of identity documents. To the visitor of the country the ticket can be got only in cash desk. When buying through the machine requires a Chinese ID-card.

There are practically no suburban transportation in the country.

Railway stations in cities

Chinese railway stations have a typical architecture and are similar to each other. The only exceptions are the old aprons in small towns or cities with a historical past.

New stations are mainly built on the outskirtssettlements. Existing railways are transferred from the center, old buildings are demolished or undergoing reconstruction. Chinese stations can be compared to airports - they are large, equipped with infrastructure and have many levels.

In China, it is impossible to get to the station without a ticket,only in some very limited sectors. But on old stations on the platform you can go before landing, for this you need to buy a special ticket at the ticket office. He gives the right to be on the platform, but not to board the train.

Russia-China

Paving the way in China is historically connected withRussia. In 1897 the construction of the Sino-Eastern Railway (CER), which is the southern branch of the Trans-Siberian Railway, began. Between 1917 and 1950, as a result of military and political actions, it was transferred to China and ceased to exist. It happened in 1952. Instead, the Chinese Changchun Railway appeared on the world map.

In the near future the China-Russia railwaywill gain popularity. A project is being developed for the Euro-Asian high-speed transport corridor, which will connect Beijing with Moscow. The roads will pass through the territory of Kazakhstan, the time of movement on them will take two days.