German grammar: the order of words in the German sentence
The grammar of the German language is somewhat more complicated incompared with the related languages of the Romano-Germanic group. Take, for example, the declension of nouns or the concept of a grammatical gender, which is not in English. The concept of word order exists practically in all languages, only in some cases we deal with the free arrangement of words in the sentence, in others there is a certain pattern.
On the purpose of the statement, the German sentence is divided into 3 types:
- Narrative (Aussagesatz).
- Interrogative (Fragesatz).
- Incentive (Imperativsatz).
Word order in the German sentence
In the German proposal there are 2 typesthe arrangement of words. Characteristic for the German proposal is the mandatory presence of both main members: as subject (Subjekt), as well as predicate, Prädikat (there are exceptions, but this should be discussed separately).
A simple non-extended sentence has inits composition is only the main members and looks something like this: Ich schreibe. (I write). More often the proposal has more than 2 members, in which case they speak of a widespread proposal.
The order of words in the German sentence has two types: direct and reverse.
Straight word order It is easier to express a simple popular sentence by the following scheme: Subject + predicate + secondary terms.
Er schreibt ein Brief.
The conjugate part of the complex compound predicate always remains in the second place, the other, the non-conjugate part, as well as the separable prefix, go to the end of the sentence:
Er hat ein Brief geschrieben. Sie geht heute spazieren.
The second option - the reverse order of words.
The meaning of the sentence itself from using another scheme for arranging words does not change. In this case only I and III places change, the reverse order looks like this: a minor member of the sentence + a predicate (a reference part) + a subject + a secondary member + an unprincipal member. part of the predicate. The last place is also placed separable prefix.
Heute geht sie spazieren.
Word order in German sentence: negative sentence
More often than not, the German sentence uses the negation of nicht, which is put before a word that it denies: Nicht alle sehen das.
If the negation concerns the predicate, the particle is put at the end of the sentence: Das wissen wir nicht.
If the negation touches the noun, use the particle kein, which is placed directly in front of it. Both words are sorted by gender and case: Er hat keine Zeit.
It should be remembered that in German there is only one negation in the sentence, in contrast to the Russian one.
Word order in German sentence: interrogative sentence
There are two types of interrogative German proposals: with a question word and without it.
Interrogative sentence without a question word: Ref. part of the predicate + subject + secondary members + nespred. part of the predicate: Gehst du im Park?
Interrogative sentence with a question word from him and begins: vopr. word + спр. part of the predicate + subject + secondary members + nespred. part of the predicate: Wohin geht er heute Abend spazieren?
The order of words in the incentive German sentence
An incentive (imperative) sentence expresses a call for some action, order, prohibition. The predicate, which stands in the imperative mood, takes the first position: Gehen wir im Park!
The order of words in a complex German sentence
There are two types of complex sentences: compound and complex. Since in a compound sentence its parts can exist independently of each other, the order of the words in them differs little from a simple German sentence. Separately, we should focus on a complex sentence.
Option one: the main proposal is in the first position, the second part follows it. In this case, the common scheme of word order has the following form:
- The main sentence has a word order similar to a simple sentence;
- subordinate clause: immediately after the comma, a subordinate union + subordinate + secondary members + is placed (negation, if any) + unpreserved. part of the predicate + sp. part of the predicate.
Separate consoles are not separated. If the predicate in the subordinate clause is expressed by a reflexive verb, the particle sich in the desired form is put right after the union, and only behind it is the subject.
If the order of the sentences is changed, andthe main sentence goes to the background, it begins with a ref. part of the predicate, because the subordinate clause, having come to the forefront, plays the role of one of the main members of the proposal.
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