Treblinka (concentration camp): history. Memorial in Treblinka
Treblinka - a concentration camp near Warsaw(Poland), where between 1942 and 1943 the Nazis destroyed the Jewish population of the occupied country. Researchers believe that about eight hundred thousand people died here, and most of them are Jews. Now about those terrible events like a memorial in memory of the innocent victims of the Holocaust.
The executioners acted in a mode of special secrecy: along the perimeter at a kilometer distance from the camp, a guard was opened, which opened fire on everyone who came closer to the put. The railway workers and the military accompanying the convoys were not admitted to the camp on pain of death. Moreover, even Luftwaffe aircraft were forbidden to fly in these coordinates.
Jews of Poland
Poland is a country in whicha huge Jewish diaspora. By the beginning of the occupation, the Germans numbered more than three million people. Among them were outstanding scientists, teachers, artists - no one regretted the machine of Hitler.
Some, having felt the danger, in timemoved to the territory of the USSR and Belarus, another part fled to Vilnius. Thus, under the department of fascists on September 1, 1939 (the date of the invasion of Poland), 2 million Jews remained. All of them were subjected to a "final decision". Already on September 21 a working group was meeting, which decided to create reservations, where Jews from the occupied territories will be concentrated.
Thus, three ghettos are created on the territory of Poland -Special places where fascists put the Jewish population. Life in the ghetto is hunger, disease, deprivation and humiliation. But this did not solve the issue of destruction. So there is a monstrous plan - the so-called Reinhard operation, at the peak of which the destruction sites are created, including the Treblinka concentration camp. Jews were sent here mainly from the Warsaw ghetto. But we will discuss this further.
History of creation
When was Treblinka built? Concentration camp, whose history is so sad, begins to exist since 1942. Order of Reichsfuhrer Heinrich Himmler on April 17 began the construction of an extermination camp. Responsible was appointed Arpad Wiegand - fascist governor of Warsaw.
After solving bureaucratic delays, at the endMay construction began, and already on July 22 of the same year the concentration camp of Treblinka received the first Warsaw Jews. Initially, the unfortunate ones were not exterminated in such horrible amounts, but soon, by October 1942, after the construction of additional gas chambers and crematoriums, the infernal destruction machine earned its full power.
Treblinka (concentration camp) existed until 1943. The turning point was the uprising of the prisoners of the labor camp, after which this terrible place was liquidated.
Infrastructure
How did this place function? How could the Nazis destroy at one time thousands of people: women, old people and children? Compositions of twenty cars, crowded with people, went immediately to destruction in gas chambers. By the way, d / f "Treblinka Concentration Camp" describes these moments well, allowing you to plunge into the horror of what is happening.
Consider the structure of Treblinka. So, 80 km from Warsaw on the field, four kilometers from the homonymous village, there is a place where Polish Jews were brought for punishment. A large clearing in 24 hectares was fenced with a three-meter barbed wire fence, to which a high voltage was applied.
The camp itself was divided into two. In the first (Treblinka 1), the prisoners were concentrated, providing partly the infrastructure of the camp. Of course, for the most part the so-called "labor camp" was the place of the slow death of the unfortunate. The second - Treblinka 2 - was intended exclusively for the murder of Jews. In its territory there were barracks for undressing, gas chambers, crematoria and ditches for burial. In addition, here also lived the so-called Sonderkommando - Jews, selected in order to serve the killing. At regular intervals, they changed (the "old" Sonderkommands were killed).
Treblinka - concentration camp, which served 30soldiers of the SS, in addition, Ukrainians and prisoners of war who were transferred to the side of the enemy were involved. The commandant was Franz Stengel. After the war, he was sentenced to life imprisonment.
Known prisoners: J. Korczak
Many human lives were carried away by Treblinka. The Concentration Camp deprived the world of outstanding people. There the great Polish teacher died, the author of the book "I give my heart to the children", Janusz Korczak. The children had all his life, and when the Nazis came to power, Korczak strongly guarded his pupils - children from the Orphans' Home. First in the ghetto, and then in Treblinka.
They wanted to save him, take him out of the ghetto, then he wasanother chance - Korczak was ready to withdraw from the car leaving Warsaw to the last refuge-Treblinka. He refused. Heroic Korczak entered the gas chamber with his children, comforting the kids, encouraging the elders.
S. Pullman: the tortured musician
Simon Pullman - an outstanding musician and teacher -Another one whose life was interrupted by Treblinka. The Concentration Camp was for him the last station after his life in the Warsaw ghetto. There he created a symphony orchestra, and then, together with his fellow musicians, died in a gas chamber. The exact date of death of a musician is unknown, as are the events preceding it.
The Rise of 1943
In 1943, the death camp and ghetto captureswave of insurrection. Most likely, the impetus was a brutally suppressed revolt in the Warsaw ghetto. Although the prisoners understood their infirmity in comparison with the German military machine, they preferred to die in the struggle for freedom.
The uprising in Treblinka was initially doomed tofailure. Indeed, what can people who are exhausted by labor and hunger do, armed only with picks and shovels, against camp staff with rifles in their hands? However, the prisoners deliberately went for it.
The reason was the so-called "Operation 1005". After the deportation of the last train with the Jews from Warsaw, the Nazis needed to hide the traces of crimes as closely as possible. The remaining 1,000 prisoners forced to dig ditches with buried victims and burn half-decayed corpses.
Gradually, to the unfortunate,that once they finish the job, they will be killed. And the idea of an uprising was born. During the mutiny, the camp was burned almost completely. Most of the prisoners were shot while attempting to escape, others were caught in the woods, forced to finish the job and also shot. Only a few managed to escape. Among them was Samuel Villenberg.
Samuel Villenberg is one of the survivors
By a lucky chance did not deprive Samuel of lifeVillenberg Treblinka. Concentration camp (you can see his photo in the article), where he arrived on one of the trains, immediately seemed to Samuel strange. Therefore, he listened to the advice of one of those who met to be called a mason. Thus, he became the only survivor of the thousands doomed out of his lineup.
He lived in Treblinka, performing various works: from the sorter of things to the member of the Sonderkommando. The escape of Willenberg was successful - he was wounded in the leg, but managed to escape. Moreover, Samuel found his father alive and joined the underground. He died in late February 2016. After himself, Willenberg left a book of memoirs "The Rebellion in Treblinka."
Memorial
What is Treblinka now?(concentration camp)? The memorial on the site of monstrous murders makes one remember everyone about the horrors of the Holocaust. It was opened in 1964. It represents a monument, and around 17 thousand stones - symbolic. That's how many people were killed in the camp at one time.
A place that evokes especially strong emotions, then, where in 1943 corpses were burnt, are a few rails, burned and covered with a black layer of soot.
In the same 1964 in Treblinka, the Museum of the Memory of the Victims of Nazism was opened.
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