The gerunds as parts of speech. The gerundance in Russian

Part of speech is the category of words thatis determined by morphological and syntactic features. In the world vocabulary, the name is contrasted (further divided into a noun, an adjective, etc.) and a verb. The classification of parts of speech is also accepted in accordance with the functions performed. So, they can be official and independent.

Special form of the verb

In the domestic science there are four views ongerunds as a part of speech. The grammatical significance of this category, the morphological features, as well as the syntactic role, is determined by the peculiarity of this form. The gerundive in the Russian language combines the signs and meanings of an adverb and a verb.

Definition

According to Vinogradov, this is a special, verbally-verbalhybrid category. Bogoroditsky refers gerunds to adverbs. In accordance with encyclopedic information, these words and turns are considered a special verbal invariable, unbiased attributive form. How does the concept of "gerundance" define the 7th grade of the school curriculum? This category is a special verbal form, denoting an additional action on the background of the main, expressed by the verb. The gospel responds to the questions "what did you do?", "What are you doing?", "How?", "When?"

Symptoms

The gerunds as part of speech unite in themselvesfeatures of an adverb and a verb. The main feature is that they designate an action that is additional to the main one. The vertebrate is a verbal form and, like the verb, has the form (imperfect and perfect). This category has "recapture" (for example, clinging - non-rebound, clinging - return). The gerunds as parts of speech spread with nouns, pronouns, adverbs. With dependent words, turns are formed. The gerunds as parts of speech also possess the characteristics of adverbs: they do not change, they characterize simultaneously the main action, illustrating when, how, why, etc. it is done. In the sentence, they act as circumstances, referring to the verb-predicate.

Morphological analysis

There are several signs that determineThe gerunds as part of speech and distinguishing them among other forms. In addition to the fact that it is formed from the verb, there are, as a rule, such suffixes as -a, -shi, -shiv, -ya. In adverbial turns to dependent words you can ask a question. Morphological analysis should be carried out in accordance with a specific plan:

1. General grammatical meaning.
2. Morphological signs:

- an indefinite (initial) verb form;

- immutability;

- type, recurrence.

3. The syntactic role.

As an example, you can give an example of written analysis.

"Zhurcha, running stream"

1. The word "murmur" is a special verb form - the gerundive. Indicates an additional action to the main: how does it work? - murmuring.
2. The initial form is splatter; Ness. in., does not change.
3. Obst-in the manner of action.

Oral analysis

The word "murmur" is a gerundive -a special verb category. First of all, it illustrates the addition to the main action (runs-murmurs). It is formed from the verb "murmur" (the beginning form). This gerundance does not change, it has an imperfect appearance. As part of the proposal, this form is in the role of the circumstances of the mode of action.

How are the verbs formed? What are the types of gerunds?

The considered forms of the verb can refer toone of two categories. The verbal participles of the imperfect species illustrate an additional unfinished action. It occurs simultaneously with the process expressed by the verb. This type is formed using suffixes -a, -a, on the basis of the form that determines the action in the present tense. For example: reading-reading, flying-flying and others. From verbs having the suffix -a-the formation of the verbal participle comes from the infinitive: to recognize, to recognize. From a number of words describing the action, the verbal form is not formed: flow, beat, protect, tear and others. The verbal participle of the perfect species illustrates an additional complete action. It usually occurs before the beginning of the process that expresses the verb. Formation of this form is carried out with the help of suffixes -shi, -shi, -in the basis of an indefinite verb form: deceived, deceived, loaded-sad and others. From a number of words illustrating the action, double turns can be formed: dry out, dry out, dry out; unlocked, unlocked, unlocked.

Tenses of main verbs

In some cases, for the formation of the verbal participlesThe future tense form is used. To form the verbal participle, suffixes -a, -a are used: read-read, come-coming. Categories derived from the verb stem in the past with the suffix. (Having known, having been, plowing, traveling, licking and others), are considered obsolete. As a rule, they are rarely used, rarely. Previously, they were used to describe the actions just completed so far: "when he saw what was happening, he grabbed a pitchfork", "having said this, she crouched." Nowadays they are applied with the suffix -vs, are formed from the return verb form: to slip out, let out, wash, wash, starve, hungry, decompose, decompose and others.

Separation

Do not stand out with punctuation(commas) single verbal participles related to the category of adverbs: sitting, standing, lying, silently, joking, slowly and others. These forms do not illustrate the additional action. For example:

Reading lying is bad, you have to sit reading.

He walked slowly (slowly, that is).

She spoke with excitement (excited, then).

In these and similar cases, the gerundiveillustrates not an additional action, but a sign of the main process. Unlike, for example, this sentence: "You have to read, sitting at a normal table and with good lighting." Here, the gerundive acts as an illustration of an additional action. Phraseological turns, stable expressions, which include the verbal forms under consideration, do not come to an end. To such constructions, in particular, carry the following: to work tirelessly, to shout myself not remembering, to run off headlong and others. In the remaining cases, the adverbial turns - expressions containing dependent words - are always allocated with commas.

Syntactic role

The gerund, as a rule, adjoinsconstructively to the verbal predicate. In the structure of the proposal, this form acts as a circumstance, does not conjugate. Less often gerundive may be attached to a nominal predicate, which can be expressed as a short adjective or noun. In the construction of the sentence, this verbal form designates an additional action that accompanies the process carrying the main idea of ​​the predicate. In this case, gerundive form can be replaced by a verbal participle. Similar designs are present in various Indo-European dialects - Latin, French. The gerunds are used in Eskimo, Hungarian, and Turkic languages. In the vocabulary of other countries, the design can be referred to as gerund. Some languages ​​do not have a separate form for the considered verbal construction. This situation, for example, in the English language, where participle acts as a gerund.