How to make a word-formation analysis of a word in Russian
Word formation is an integral part of the language. Without it, there would be no new words, professional jargons, names of new inventions, and much more. Without the word-building, modern language would not be so rich and convenient for communication, many words would not sink into oblivion, would not become historicisms. Thanks to this process, our everyday speech is complicated and improved. That is why it is necessary to know the laws of word formation and to be able to make a word-forming analysis of a word.
A bit of theory
Word formation (derivation) is the process of creatingNew, often more complex words from simpler ones. This process is an integral part of science such as linguistics. In the word formation section, words are divided into primary (from which a new word is derived) and derivatives (which are obtained by word formation). Word formation is a complex process, and that is why there are several methods for it. We will talk about them (or some of them) in this article, and in the end we will learn how to make a word-formation analysis of the word and much more. In addition, we learn much more than what we were told at school, in Russian language lessons. And, maybe, you can explain to the child what the teacher could not explain intelligibly.
Addition of two bases
In the modern world, due to the abundance of words and theirspecifications are increasingly used such a method of word formation, as the addition of two bases. Most often this addition takes place as follows: for two words, for example, "water" and "hold", the root is allocated. It turns out: "water" and "wire". These roots are connected by means of a connecting vowel "o". It turns out a new word: "water pipe", meaning the system of structures, often located under the ground, delivering water from the place of "mining" to the places of its consumption. This is one of the simplest methods of word formation.
Adding a stem and a word
Of course, there are ways and more difficult than the first. Suppose, the addition of the foundations and the whole word. Let's take the word "hydroelectric station" and break it into the basics. "Hydra", "electr" and "station". As you can see, the vowels "o" are connecting, from the word "electricity" only the root "electr" (from "electron") was taken. But the word "station" remained fully to live in this derivative. So with the help of word-building analysis of the word, you can determine the way it is formed.
Abbreviation
Often we use abbreviations in our speech, andnot whole words. For example, the name of organizations, educational institutions and even countries. For example, "Moscow State University" - Moscow State University. This method is called a letter abbreviation, that is, when pronouncing an abbreviation, we are obliged to pronounce the letters of the word. However, there is also a sound abbreviation, for example, "NATO", "UN" and "high school". With this abbreviation, we pronounce sounds, not letters. The creation of abbreviations also helps in the derivational analysis of the word.
Substantivization
Do not be afraid of this term, becausesubstantivization is only called a property of words, such as the transition from one part of speech to another. For example, "ice cream" (as a noun and as an adjective), "output" (the same), "dental", "roast", etc. It should be noted that in Russian the transition is usually made just between nouns and adjectives . Of course, the morphemic and word-formative analysis of a word that has passed from one part of speech to another will change.
Prefixal
We already know this method from the school bench. "I ran - ran", "I went - went away", "road - roadside", etc. Everything is simple and understandable here. To the basis of the word is added a prefix with the meaning of approximation, incompleteness of actions, proximity to the subject, etc. Often, adjectives (unfortunate - participial) and pronouns (nowhere - where) are formed in an adverbial way.
Suffix
Usually these two ways of word formation are studiedparallel. Often in this way nouns (from verbs) and such parts of speech as participles and gerunds are formed. For example: "position - put" and "running - run." Here, in order not to be confused, one can learn the suffixes of different parts of speech. This will help you to make a word-formation analysis of a word and parsing by composition much faster and easier. For example, the word-building analysis of the word "pocket" will be as follows: "pocket-pocket" (with the help of the adjective suffix -n-).
Pristavochno-suffixal
One of the most complex ways of word formation. After all, it is necessary to look not only at the derived word, but also on the lexical meaning of each of its morphemes. For example, the word "Pomorye" is derived from the word "sea". But the "seaside" is formed from the "sea", and already it is from the "sea". This is such a complex word-building chain. But to understand it is quite simple: if a word without a prefix or a suffix is not separately used, then the way of formation is prefix-suffix. If the word can safely exist without a prefix, but with a suffix, then the method is prefix. If a word is used without a suffix, but with a prefix, then the method is suffix. This is all that you need to remember and understand.
Non-suffix
Let's talk about such a way of word formation, aswithout suffix. In this way, in Russian, many names of nouns are formed. Of course, they are formed from verbs. How? We take the verb "pour" and remove the ending "t" and the suffix of the verb "a". We will have the name of a feminine noun, the third declension of a "mound." That is, the non-suffix way of education is the way in which the verb is cut off by the ending and the suffix, and in the end the noun is obtained. So nouns are formed: "sunburn" and "glade". But in this way nouns can also be formed from adjectives, for example: "depth", "silence", "intellectual", etc.
Truncating the root
Here, too, everything is clear. "Dance + floor = dance floor". That is, in this way the word is cut to the bare stone - the root - and lives like that. Nothing unusual, complicated or specific. Often this method is used to create slang words: "teacher - teacher", "doctor - doc", etc. This is perhaps the easiest way to bring into the world new words.
How to make a word-building analysis of a word?
After we disassembled the main methodsword-formation in the Russian language (and those that we described are, in fact, only basic, and not all methods), we need to understand how to do the word-building analysis of the word. This and do. In order for everything to be clearer, as an example, we make a word-building analysis of the word "melt". All data about this word will be placed in the brackets of each paragraph.
Step-by-step plan for word-building analysis
- So, to begin the parsing, determine the part of the speech (in our case this is the verb).
- We analyze the word by composition, that is, we divide it into morphemes. ("Races" - prefix, "tap" - root, "l" - verbal suffix, "willow" - suffix, "ti" - ending).
- Now we look, whether the word can exist without a prefix (in our case it turns out the non-existent word "to fuse").
- We determine the mode of education (we have the prefix-suffix).
- We form a word-building chain, that is, from what word is formed. This should be the word that was left after the separation of prefixes, suffixes, etc. ("melt - drown").
So, on a simple example, it's easy and simple to understand how to do a word-building analysis. The main thing is to know all the ways of word formation. But on this our written lesson is not finished.
What mistakes can be avoided by making a word-formation analysis of the word by composition?
A derivational analysis will help you understand,what is before you part of the speech, and not make a mistake by inattention. For example, everyone knows the rule that in the suffixes -an- and -yah- the adjectives write one letter -n-, and the full passive participles, formed from the verb of the perfect species, write two letters -nn-. If you have composed a word-forming chain, then you will immediately understand what kind of speech is in front of you, and you will not make a foolish mistake.
Oddly enough, word formation is closely related andwith punctuation. This again applies to adjectives, participial and adverbial movements. After all, the penultimate ones are separated by commas, if they stand after the word being defined, and the last ones always.
The word-building chain will help youdetermine the meaning of the word, and this, in turn, will allow it to be clothed in a literate, stylistically neutral design, organically fit into the text and skillfully beat the word. This will help you a lot when making speeches for public speaking and beautiful, confident speech in everyday life. After all, each morpheme has its own semantic load, which it carries. And you can not forget about this important role of consoles and suffixes.
Interesting facts about word formation
There is a word that needs to be pronounced three secondshalf an hour! And in order to write it, you need one hundred and eighty-nine thousand eight hundred and nineteen characters of the alphabet (letters). This is the name of one of the proteins of titanium. The simplified name of this protein is read relatively simply and quickly: connectin.
English is officially recognized as the richestlanguage in the world. There are four hundred and ninety thousand words in it and three hundred thousand more professional and technical terms. This is several times greater than in any other language of the world. Learn to form new words from the English, ladies and gentlemen!
There are aspect dictionaries that reflectmorphemic composition of the word, all sorts of particular signs of this word, including its derivational production. That would be all such a dictionary! Then there would be no problems with writing words and getting ratings.
And in conclusion I would like to say ...
As you can see, word formation is the most important section of the Russian language, ignorance of which can lead to elementary and even ridiculous mistakes from the spelling, punctuation, vocabulary and even stylistics.
Learn and love your native language! Do not make stupid mistakes!
</ p>
