Daghestanian languages. Dagestan surnames. Dagestan literature

Even for the multinational CaucasusThe linguistic features of Dagestan are unusual, rich and colorful. Some languages ​​are inherent only in small auls, which is why Dagestan is called a "mountain of languages".

Variety of languages

Written and non-written Dagestani mountainthere are about thirty languages. Daghestanian languages ​​are included in the eastern group of Caucasian Japhetic languages. The Chechen-Dagestan group is in a distant relationship with the Abkhaz-Adyghe western group. Within the group, the Dagestani languages ​​have a close relationship, the proof of this is the grammatical structure and vocabulary (especially Avar and Lak languages).

Some Daghestanian languages ​​have been little studied. Darginsky, Avar, Lezgin, Laksky are well studied. For this reason, only a preliminary classification can be made.

Diagram of the Dagestani languages

It can look like this:

1. The Avar-Ando-Dido group. It includes the following languages: Andian (godobari, andi, ahvah, botli, karata, bagvalal, tindi, chamalal); Avar; Dido (cappucci, Hvar, Ginuh, Hunzal, Dido); the language of Archa or Rochi.
2. Group Darginskaya. It includes Dargin, Kubachi and Kaitak languages.
3. The Lak group is represented only by the Lak language.
4. Group Lezginskaya. It includes the following languages: Lezghin, Samur (agul, tsakhur, rutul, jack, haput, hinalug, kryz, Udi, bouduk), Tabasaran.

The Daghestanian languages ​​are not morphologicallyhave valid verbs. They do not distinguish between impersonal and personal forms of the verb. Many Dagestani languages ​​are struck by many forms of declension and the number of cases.

Dagestan surnames

All Daghestanian peoples, including Kumyks,have almost the same names. The pronunciation may vary. The bulk is Arabic names. Recently there has been a borrowing of personal names from the Russian language.

Many Dagestani names are preserved in the family (generic) names. They are made in Dagestani languages ​​with the help of special multiplicity suffixes. For example, in the Avar language the suffix -al: on behalf of Ilyas - Ilyasal (Ilyasov). In lakskom use a suffix -hyul: on behalf of Ali - Alihul (Aliyev).

The generic (tukhum, family) names include the base, which is composed of Dagestani words, common and ethnic names, names of localities.

Declination of last names

In the Dagestani languages, when a generic(surname-tukhum) and a personal name, the surname in the genitive plural is put first, and then the personal name. For example: Ahmadhal Aly, Mukhtarlany Gyaji.

Dagestan languages ​​allow us to declare a generic namewhen there is no personal name nearby. If it stands next to the tukhum (generic), then, as a rule, declension is excluded, that is, the surname retains the genitive case, the personal name declined.

When you draw up various documents - be it a passport, marriage certificate, metric, certificate, etc. - family names are transliterated, the Dagestan suffixes are replaced by Russians -ev, -ev. For example: Abdullaev, Akhmedov, Omarov.

Dagestan literature

Literature of the peoples of Dagestan is multilingual andis diverse. For many centuries it has been developing in Kumyk, Dargin, Avar, Lak, Tabasaran, Lezgin and Tat languages. In each of them, literature is formed in a peculiar way, in many ways it depends on cultural and socio-economic development. The history of the peoples of Dagestan is reflected in oral folk art: these are lyrical and epic songs, legends, legends, sayings, proverbs, legends. Many of them are imbued with humanistic and democratic aspirations, reflect the struggle of the people against the oppressors. So, for example, "Parth Patima", Lak song, tells of the struggle in the 13-14th centuries. with the Mongol-Tatars. Kumyk "Kartgochak", "Song about Aigazi" tell about struggle against feudal lords.

Dagestan's tales, a heroic epic,historical songs include motifs of fairy tales and songs of other peoples: Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Middle East and Central Asia. Together with folk art in the 17-18th centuries. literary traditions developed in local and Arabic languages. The feudal era is characterized by historical chronicles, literary monuments, various treatises on philological and natural science topics, they all have literary merit.

In the 17th century on the development of professional secularLiterature influenced Dagestan schools Moussa from Kudutlya, Shaaban from Obod. Philosophy, Arabic languages, law were studied there, dictionaries were created, at the same time the first samples of writing appeared. The ways of development of Dagestani literature can be traced through the historical chronicles of Magomed Tahir al-Karahi, Haji Ali, Hasan Alkadari.

Literature of the 19th and 20th centuries

Already in the 19 th century to Dagestan literature greatinterest was shown by Russian scientists. Many books on ethnography and the history of Dagestan were created and published. "Derbent-name" - the oldest edition, was released in St. Petersburg in 1851, Professor Kazembek was translated into English, made comments. In 1898 in Tiflis the same book was published with a translation into Russian. In addition, Derbent-name was translated into the Lak language.

The October Revolution of 1917Dagestan literature is much new. It began its rapid development. During the civil war, many revolutionary, partisan songs began to be born that sang the Communist Party, freedom, and the insurgent people. Under Soviet power, all Daghestanian nationalities were united, at that time writing began here, which was taught to the general public. The first steps in the development of post-revolutionary Dagestani literature were done by such writers as Z. Batyrmurzayev and G. Saidov. At that time, the task was to praise the Soviet power, conduct active propaganda for the ideas of the Communists and simultaneously expose hostile bourgeois ideas.

During the Second World War Dagestanipoets and writers described the exploits of Soviet soldiers defending their Motherland. Numerous works were written with characteristic features of folk art. At that time such significant works as "The Wife of a Frontier Woman", "Song of the Brides" by Tsadasa were created; "Voice of the Mother", "At the Gates of the Caucasus" by Hajiyev; "Gulzatov's guns"; "Seeing the Highlander" Zalov; "Nights", "Dnepr", "On the Road" Suleymanov.

At present, the organization of writers of Dagestanis one of the largest in Russia. It includes more than 140 poets, playwrights, prose writers, critics, translators. The union consists of nine sections, the head of each of them is some famous writer with a world-wide name.