Inspection acceptance. Methods, types and means of quality control

Organization of production of a product inIn most cases, the responsible units of the firm assume various types of control over the products. The methods used by specialists can be very different. Among the most common - acceptance inspection. What are its features? How does acceptance control affect the adoption of certain management decisions in the organization?

What is the essence of acceptance control?

Let us first consider the terminology inframework of the sphere in question. Acceptance control is the verification of the compliance of the finished product with the established requirements at the enterprise that issued it, just before initiating the procedure for delivering the relevant goods to the consumer. Within the framework of this control, various defects at various stages of the production process can be identified, in particular, not identified during operational control.

The specific tasks of the procedure in question,are predetermined by the sphere of economic legal relations, as well as by the peculiarities of the legislation in whose jurisdiction it is located. So, for example, in construction acceptance inspection of quality assumes conformity of the established list of indicators of building objects to various state standards, and also the approved project.

For the construction industry is definitelyhigh level of integration of various types of inspections. Thus, the type of procedures under consideration in many cases in the construction of buildings will complement the operational control with regard to the formation of the list of information necessary to adequately assess the compliance of the constructed building with state standards and criteria reflected in the approved project.

Practically any branch is characterized by features in the part of the organization of acceptance control. Further in the article we will study them on individual examples.

What are the types of control?

But for now we will study what kinds of production control can be presented. So, its classification is widespread, implying 2 main varieties - continuous and selective.

Control of the first type implies the implementation ofverification of each object, for example, the unit issued by the company products. The second type of procedure involves setting an assessment of the quality of the whole batch of goods produced based on the results of testing only part of the product - within the sample. Variety sampling - statistical control. It involves the use of special methods to ensure a high degree of reliability of verification results.

In fact, many researchers classify the acceptance control:

- on conducted on quantitative grounds;

- implemented by qualitative criteria.

Both procedures can be of a selective type. Thus, acceptance testing assumes in many cases the use of statistical methods. Let's consider their specifics in more detail.

Statistical methods in acceptance control

What can be associated with the involvement ofappropriate methods and, accordingly, selective acceptance control? As a rule, this approach is predetermined by the scope of verification. For example, if a batch of goods produced in the amount of several tens of thousands is examined, it can be extremely difficult to conduct their continuous monitoring from a technical point of view, and from an economic point of view it is undesirable. Therefore, in such cases, control tools are used that allow, first, to determine the optimal sample of the product, and secondly, to analyze it using various statistical methods to ensure compliance with the established quality requirements.

The main requirement for sampling is the inclusion in itsimilar objects of verification. Usually when serial production of identical products, the occurrence of any defects on several products means the presence of similar defects on others, so in this case the application of the sampling principle is appropriate.

It can be noted that the type in questionAcceptance control finds regular application as time in the course of interaction between the supplier and the consumer of the goods. It is precisely how the system of approving plans and methods of control between partners is organized, which determines the choice of approaches to assessing the quality of the goods of each party.

In a number of cases, of course, deviations fromscheme, as defined in the negotiation process. For example, one side or the other can choose those controls that are most optimal from the point of view of the production model, are less labor-intensive, and are quick to implement. They may not always coincide with the tools that the partner prefers to use.

Statistical acceptance cancarried out by a third party. It can be, for example, an economic entity that owns the largest share in the share capital of the manufacturer. In this case, he may be interested in ensuring that the most effective types of quality control are introduced in his company as a condition for increasing the competitiveness of the business.

As a rule, the requirements for the parameters of the producedproducts are fixed at the level of regulatory documents, which are approved by the management of the firm. Interested parties can also participate in their development.

As with many other speciescontrol, in the implementation of statistical applied plan to conduct various quality checks of goods. In it, in particular, the rules regulating:

- then, on the basis of what criteria are selected specific forms of control that make up its procedures;

- the way in which the data obtained during the inspections are processed, as well as their interpretation.

Of course, this plan can also be compiled by the joint efforts of the supplier and consumer of the goods. The third party can be connected to the interaction between them.

Quantitative and qualitative methods with acceptance control

Above we noted that the acceptance control is classified into 2 varieties - quantitative and qualitative.

The essence of the first is to verify that ora different attribute of quality in relation to the measured quantities. The conclusion about the results of the sample analysis is based on the study of individual characteristics of the product, sometimes the average method is applied.

Quality control may suggestthe use of different methods for assessing the quality of the product, for example, by counting certain defective items within a sample, or by calculating the number of discrepancies per one product in a batch.

Quality Assessment Plan

Both forms of control under consideration -quantitative, qualitative - in many cases are realized at use of the general tool - the plan of an estimation of quality of the goods. By means of it, the researcher determines which batch of output meets the established requirements, and which - not completely.

When implementing quantitative orquality control by means of an appropriate plan, the sample size is fixed, as well as the optimal characteristics for the acceptance conditions for the product series. In the case of quantitative control, this can be the limit indicators - the smallest and largest, which allow us to calculate the quality indicators based on the method of determining the mean values. If quality control is carried out, the corresponding parameter may be the maximum number of products with defects or the total number of inconsistencies that are allowed within a particular series of goods.

Conducting a statistical or other typeAcceptance control assumes acceptance by a management of firm or its responsible experts of the certain administrative decisions following the results of checks. Let's study this nuance in more detail.

Decision-making based on the results of acceptance inspection

The procedure under consideration in all varieties,for example, if acceptance inspection is carried out, assumes, first of all, the acceptance by the specialists who conduct an appropriate check of the decision as to whether or not the tested product corresponds to the established quality indicators based on those parameters with which the product characteristics under study are compared. On the basis of the study, a variety of solutions can be made, for example:

- on the need to optimize technological processes in order to improve the quality of goods;

- modernization or repair of production lines in order to eliminate the causes of defects or other inconsistencies on the products manufactured;

- the need to improve approaches to assessing the quality of goods, including through additional work involving partners.

The results of acceptance testing may also affectimplementation of other types of inspections. For example, based on the decisions taken based on the results of the work of the specialists at the acceptance, the operational control on the production lines can be changed in one way or another. Also, adjustments can be made to the procedures for accepting materials, raw materials and semi-finished products that are used for the release of goods.

Importance of acceptance control for business

Decision-making based on the results of acceptance inspection inthe firm can also be carried out taking into account the opinion of the partner organization, the results of the relevant inspections that it conducted, as well as considering the positions of other interested parties who, for example, may have access to the results of acceptance control in other organizations, . This allows interested parties, in a number of cases, to recommend, on the basis of available data, those approaches by which acceptance sampling or, if applicable, can be optimized in the enterprise, taking into account the experience of other firms.

Thus, the implementation of quality controlproducts on the fact of their release - a procedure that can affect not only the relationship between the firm and the supplier. In many ways, its results affect the policy of business management, the priorities of the company's management in making decisions on investments in various production sites, on updates of certain funds.

In fact, acceptance testing is one of thetools of feedback between business owners and hired employees who hold positions at both the management level, that is, competent in making key management decisions, and at the level of ordinary specialists directly responsible for the quality of products.

Practical application of inspection control

Let us consider how the control process can be carried out in the varieties under consideration in practice. Appropriate approaches can be used at different stages of product release:

- when receiving a series of products - in this case, the input control of materials, raw materials or, for example, semi-finished products;

- as part of a change in production operations;

- with the release of finished products.

At any stage of production, the taskresponsible for conducting acceptance inspection of the employee - to decide whether to approve the released batch of goods or to reject it. In this case, the importance is how thoroughly the procedure for determining the optimal criteria for a defect or non-conformity of the goods to the established parameters has been worked out. If this procedure is too strict, then the control process may drag on and predetermine a slowdown in production. However, in the reverse situation, the quality of control may be reduced, as a result of which consumers may be sent goods with defects or other inconsistencies.

Therefore, the control procedurepreceded by responsible work to determine the optimal criteria for checking goods, as well as its methods. In many cases, how the goods should be checked, which specific types of quality control should be applied to the enterprise, is determined in the course of its interaction with partners, consumers. Let's study this aspect in more detail.

Quality control taking into account the consumer's opinion

Indeed, in a market economyCommunication between suppliers of goods and consumers plays an important role. The ability of the manufacturer to find a common language with the buyer in terms of determining the desired indicators of product quality is an exceptionally significant factor in increasing the competitiveness of the firm. Within the framework of interaction of partners on issues, in particular, acceptance control, the following issues can be agreed between them:

- limit values ​​of the number of defective products within the consignment;

- specific parameters of product quality;

- return, exchange of goods that have defects and other inconsistencies;

- feedback mechanisms between the consumer and the manufacturer in terms of improving approaches to assessing the quality of products, as well as to improving it.

In many cases, only after agreeingappropriate conditions of communication with the consumer, manufacturers develop specific methods of technological control, approaches to the analysis of quality and algorithms for interpreting the conformity assessment of manufactured products to the established parameters.

It will be useful to consider how the methods of acceptance control are implemented in practice in various industries. So, the acceptance control in a drugstore is rather widespread. Let's study its features.

Execution of acceptance control in pharmacies

It can be noted that the implementation of the acceptancecontrol in pharmacies in many cases is based on the provisions of regulatory legislation, in particular, legal acts that regulate how to accept those drugs that are issued directly in pharmacies. The main task of pharmacists in this case is to prevent the receipt of substandard medicines on the counters that do not meet the established requirements.

Acceptance control in the pharmacy is carried out asrule, by checking incoming medicines for compliance with those criteria that are correlated with the description, packaging and labeling of goods. In addition, an assessment of the quality of execution of various financial documents, verification of the availability of certificates or certificates of drugs certifying their quality, as well as other similar documents can be carried out.

If we talk about the description of the drugmeans, its verification implies the study of its appearance, in some cases - the smell, for compliance with the established criteria. If the pharmacist doubts that the medicine is of high quality, then he can send it for examination to a special laboratory. If the control of the inspection performed with respect to a given medicine showed that its quality does not correspond to the established parameters, this product is rejected and placed in the pharmacy separately from other medicines.

Checking the packaging involves studying first of all its integrity. It also matters how much it corresponds to the physicochemical properties characteristic of a given drug.

The next inspection object in the pharmacy is the marking of the goods. The implementation of control in this case involves, in particular, the study of drug labels for the presence of:

- the name of the manufacturer of the product or the organization that carried out its packing;

- the name of the medicine, its mass, volume, concentration;

- serial numbers, drug analysis;

- shelf life, as well as the date of packaging the product.

In some cases, the presence of the indicators of the units of action on the drug label is correlated with one gram of plant raw materials or a milliliter of the drug.

Verification of marking also involves an assessment of the content of primary, secondary, and group packaging. In addition, the presence of inserts in Russian is checked inside the package or in a pack.