Road design: recommendations

The design of the road isone of the most priority tasks of the modern world, because the constructed roads are arteries, through which passenger, freight and public transport moves. The modern transport system is a complex organism, all elements of which are interrelated and directly dependent on each other. The design of the highway at the moment is largely determined by the existing links between settlements, recreation areas, industrial enterprises and other public centers.

The life of the modern world is impossible to imaginewithout an organized and well-functioning mechanism that could ensure the normal transportation of goods or people. Competent design of the highway today is especially important because the roads are absolutely not adapted to the constantly growing traffic flows and high speed of traffic.

Why is this necessary?

The implementation of this procedure should ensuresafe, convenient, organized and most comfortable driving of vehicles in accordance with the design speeds. Also, the competent design of the road makes it possible to achieve homogeneous traffic conditions, full compliance with the principles of visual orientation of drivers, convenient and extremely safe location of various intersections and junctions. That's why it's so important.

Many owners of private territories are thinkingabove why they need to find and design roads, because it's enough just to fill the path and lay on it asphalt. But if a person has never encountered this kind of activity, it is better to begin with at least a superficial overview of the full list of works to be faced, as well as to see the cost of their conduct and possible consequences.

Before starting to lay the ways of the generaluse, junction or some city street, you first need to get permission to carry out such work, and for this you need to find and design roads. Unauthorized carrying out of all works will eventually result in the fact that representatives of the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate will be summoned, who will issue an appropriate order to begin with, and if in the near future all comments are not completely eliminated, the junction or road will be completely eradicated, . In this connection, everything has to be restored to its original state, which would be a waste of a huge amount of money, not to mention that if the road led to an industrial site, a gas station, a cafe or a cottage community, their functioning will also be discontinued.

Than it still can threaten?

Not everyone understands that, in accordance with the SNiP,the design of roads is not just laying rubble, asphalt and installing road signs. In the process of this procedure, all the designed and existing communications that are located in the construction zone should be taken into account, because it will be extremely unpleasant if accidentally workers during the laying will tear a gas pipeline, water pipe or fiber optic cable. Eventually, the customer will be responsible for the restoration and recovery of damages to the communication owners, and the cost of carrying out these works is very high.

That's why they should be fully respectedthe norms specified in the SNiP. The design of highways should be trusted only by professional specialists, since there are many things that even professional builders can not take into account. Qualified engineers provide for any activities that may be necessary for long-term and safe operation of the road, calculate the design of the pavement and the bearing capacity of the base for all kinds of loads, and provide drainage systems in order to prevent the possibility of erosion of the roadbed, and take into account many other nuances .

Kinds

To begin with it is necessary to be defined with what in general there are kinds of motorways:

• The motorway is a transport road through which vehicles move along an uninterrupted route and access to which is provided once every five kilometers.
• High-speed highway - differs from the first type in that there is a simplified level of access, equal to three kilometers.
• Regular use - all other types of roads that do not fall under the definition of the previous two.

Depending on the type of path chosen,the planning features also change. In the process of designing, various features of the relief, type of canvas, meteorological conditions, adjacent roads, approximate service life, traffic flow intensity, and strength characteristics are taken into account.

Planning

The first thing you need to do in the processplanning - this is clearly a route. The mainline must in no case be laid through agricultural areas, urban centers, as well as unique natural landscapes and all kinds of industrial complexes. In the majority of cases, engineers during the planning first conduct a preliminary survey of the territory along which the path will be laid, and also mark on the map all possible routes. After this, a detailed analysis is carried out, revealing all the advantages and disadvantages of each of the presented options.

Then, you select a specific route andA detailed analysis is carried out before the design of roads is carried out through the TCH. Further, project drawings are being created, but owners of lands and various organizations through which the road routes will be laid have the right to make their suggestions and comments. Basically in the planning process an independent project expertise is organized, according to the results of which various adjustments are already made.

At the final stage, after it was approvedproject, a large number of working drawings are created. In addition to the direct route, the drawings also specify in detail the intersections, exits and entrances from the road, as well as crossings, crossings, bridges and other structures. It is also mandatory to determine what specific equipment will be used in the process of laying the roadway and clothing.

Stages

Thus, planning can be divided into several main stages:

1. Development and approval of the route.
2. Drafting of a number of proposals related to the development of the route and subsequent remedial measures.
3. Coordination of the project and obtaining support from all interested departments.
4. Careful development of documentation, which should also include the planning of green spaces.

One of the most pressing problems of the roadconstruction is the layout of the terrain, where the main goal is indicated the inclusion of a trail in it. It is necessary to pay attention to the following points:

• choice of type of roadway;
• preservation of all greenery existing at the moment;
• creation of new landings;
• arrangement of slopes;
• development of a full range of restoration works.

Do not forget that suchconstruction should include long, large-scale and painstaking research, especially if you are building roads through TAP. Design standards include many different nuances that need to be considered at each stage of such work. The positive aspects include the fact that at the moment the current principles of laying paths with arc-shaped road junctions and soft turns perfectly match with any features of the landscape.

Where should we start?

If you are faced with the construction of roads, city streets or any junctions, this work should be done in several steps:

1. Design of roadbed of highways.
2. Collection of source information.
3. Final design and release of all necessary documentation.
4. Coordination of the project with the customer and the relevant authorities.

The task

At this stage it is extremely important to determinestage, as well as the types of work performed. The thing is that depending on the list you specify (major repairs, new construction, reconstruction, etc.), the amount of work performed will change directly, as well as a complete list of organizations with which it will be necessary to coordinate all kinds of documents. For example, if you specify a reconstruction in a road design task instead of a major overhaul, then in this case you will have to undergo a thorough state expertise and bring to the specifications various geometric parameters, and carrying out these works will require a lot of time and money.

The assignment should also specify the exactthe number of copies and the type of documentation issued, the overall design time, a certain category of paving, and many other nuances. Do not forget that, according to the assignment, training, design, construction of highways, and any things that go beyond it will have to be discussed separately.

Background information

This list of data includes all possibleengineering surveys, technical conditions from the owners of each of the communications located in the work area, as well as various letters received from the coordinating agencies. The amount of initial information directly depends on the characteristics of a particular object. For a small construction of driveways, junctions or parking lots is quite enough for urban tablets, while the design standards for highways also provide for geological and geodetic surveys.

Design

This stage is the longest andcostly. After the technical conditions were obtained, the total amount of work is significantly increased, and asphalt and crushed stone turn into far less expensive expenses.

Often one has to deal with suchsituations when the administration delicately "asks" to carry out additional landscaping, to ensure the design of sidewalks, parking lots and bicycle paths, as well as landscaping. If we are talking about the arrangement of abutments to public roads, for example, the SOGU and the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate will require mandatory design of intersections of highways, junctions with transitional-speed strips, arrangement of lighting, various traffic lights and, if necessary, a culvert.

The path lighting must necessarilyto settle on the territory of settlements, and its main goal is to ensure normal visibility of the road and sidewalks. Wastewater can be carried out in two different ways - storm sewage or separate drainage ditches. It is extremely important to take into account and provide for normative deviations, as well as various points of acceptance and release, in the process of designing the water disposal. In the process of diversion to adjacent areas, it is often necessary to equip local treatment facilities.

If engineering communications are in the zoneconstruction, then in this case the owners will in any case require their protection or reorganization in accordance with the regulatory documentation. Thus, recommendations for the design of highways are no longer confined to the road, which requires the involvement of engineers and many other specialties, which, accordingly, significantly increases the total cost of construction.

How is it conducted?

Starting to design, initiallyperform various strength calculations, and only then on their basis the longitudinal and transverse profiles are calculated. In the process of designing, the technical and financial side of the project is also calculated, after which a detailed design and estimate documentation is prepared, indicating the estimate of all costs necessary for the construction of the canvas.

Engineering and environmental solutions are selected, withwith which the road can harmoniously accommodate in the natural landscape. Due to the analysis of the environmental situation during the development of the project documentation, it will be possible to carry out further construction with minimal damage to the environment.

The road is designed on the basis ofcarrying out a number of engineering surveys, as well as analyzing soil parameters taking into account local terrain features. In the process of designing roads professionals use modern software systems, as well as specialized engineering equipment.

In modern realities it is simply impossibleimagine the professional development of project documentation without automated systems. Mathematical modeling and computer optimization at each of the design stages can significantly increase the overall quality of ongoing work, as well as reduce the cost, timing and total number of materials required for construction. Over time, the methods of design work completely depart from the traditional design principles used literally 20 years ago.

Harmonization

List of bodies involved in coordinationproject documentation, should be reflected in the task, according to which the rules for the design of highways are established. If there are any comments or questions, designers can always directly contact a specialist and eliminate comments or make various adjustments. The conduct of an independent or state expertise in most cases is noted separately.

After all the positive approvalswere received, the design of the road section can be considered complete. Then you can get permission to conduct construction work.