HIV tests: interpretation, types

Everyone has an idea of ​​HIV fromschool bench. There was a time when the infected were afraid, but now it's all in the past. The media took a big step toward meeting the HIV-infected. People ceased to be afraid of them and began to perceive them in a different way. However, the risk of infection is large enough, and not always a person can learn about the infection, since it has a sufficiently long incubation period.

To determine the pathology, an HIV test is given, the transcript will show if there is an infection in the patient or not.

Causes of development

Infection can be infected in many different ways. Most often this occurs during blood transfusions, with promiscuous sexual intercourse. No less high risk of infection through syringes, medical instruments.

Decoding of HIV-analyzes allows to estimatehealth status and monitor the process. The human immunodeficiency virus is difficult to detect immediately after infection. Usually the disease proceeds without manifestation of any symptoms. As a result, this situation can lead to serious consequences up to a lethal outcome. To prevent this, it is necessary to donate biomaterial for HIV at least twice a year.

Delivery of tests

Decoding of the HIV test allows you to confirmor disprove pathology. The examination is carried out by detecting antibodies in the blood, saliva or other liquid. They are produced by the body in response to infection with the virus.

To identify a microorganism, alaboratory research. And even the usual indicators of analysis can change during infection with an infection. The following changes can occur:

• leukopenia;
• anemia;
• thrombocytopenia.

If suddenly the patient will have progressive changes in blood tests, it is necessary to donate blood for HIV. There are several types of tests for infection: ELISA and PCR.

ELISA

HIV transmission is as follows: human immunodeficiency virus. This pathology has several stages of development and a long incubation period.

In the early stages, in the interval from one and a half to three months from the date of contact with the infected person, an ELISA is performed.

Laboratory testing of ELISA allowsdetermine the presence of HIV infection in the body. Deciphering provides information on the presence of antibodies to the virus. Among them, immunoglobulins, which exist in the form of immunocomplexes, are of the greatest importance.

Blood sampling for diagnosis isfrom the ulnar vein. Do not eat before the procedure. Also, you need to notify your doctor about taking medication, as some substances can affect the results of the diagnosis.

During the examination, the reaction toimmunoglobulins IgM, IgG, IgA. If the transcript of the blood test for HIV shows negative values ​​of the substances, then it is said about the absence of the disease. Also, the lack of reaction of immunoglobulins may indicate a complete recovery.

If the IgG protein is determined in the decoding of HIV results, then it is said about the formed immunity in a person after inoculation.

The detected IgM protein indicates an acute course of an infectious disease.

If three positive proteins are detected during the decoding of HIV blood, namely IgM, IgG, IgA, then they speak of recurrence in the acute phase.

During the ELISA, if it is foundnegative immunoglobulin IgM value, and the IgG and IgA reaction will be positive, this indicates a positive analysis. With such data, the infection is in remission.

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the most accurate method of diagnosis. To determine HIV using this method, blood is taken from the vein. Material is surrendered by patients in the morning on an empty stomach from the ulnar vein.

During the survey, thetraces of hostile microorganisms in human DNA. If there are none, then it is considered that the person is healthy. Otherwise, it is considered that the patient has a positive reaction and he is sick.

Often PCR gives positive results even beforeclinical manifestations of pathology. This is not a laboratory error, but an early stage of development, in which there are no symptoms yet, but the virus already exists in the body.

Peculiarities of PCR allow to conductdiagnosis in the early stages after contact with the diseased: two weeks after the alleged infection, patients can take tests for PCR and get reliable results.

Conclusion

ELISA and PCR allow to accurately determine the presence ofhuman immunodeficiency virus in the blood. The first type of diagnosis makes it possible to determine the problem in a few months from the moment of contact with the patient. For earlier detection of the disease, PCR is performed. Deciphering the HIV of this method gives more informative results in the early stages.

In some cases, the results of the analyzes givefalse positive results. The probability of such a diagnosis is about one percent. Such results can be obtained if the patient does not comply with the preparation for testing, taking some medications.