Sunflower diseases: causes, ways of treatment and protection

A field like a yellow carpet, against a blue backgroundsky, always attracted the look of passers-by. It's about a culture that not only admires its picturesque views, but also gives a lot of useful products, the first of which is the seeds. For a few days, because of the disease of sunflower, a farmer can see an absolutely opposite picture. Withered leaves and drooping plant baskets signal a loss of harvest. Topics, who is going to do the cultivation of thisculture, you need to know what difficulties can be encountered when growing it. Further information is provided on what diseases and pests the plant can be affected, and how to deal with them.

Causes of diseases

How widespread will diseases spreadsunflower, depends on the weather conditions and the area of ​​the areas on which the culture grows. Increased humidity and heat create suitable conditions for the development of microorganisms. They can affect both the plant as a whole, and its individual parts.

Poor harvesting leads to pest breeding. When there are a lot of sunflower residues in the fields, it attracts insects.

Another reason is the violation of agricultural technology. This includes rules for planting a crop, timely preventive treatment of plants with fungicides and harvesting of weeds.

Loss of crop can be incurred due to incorrectselection of sunflower varieties. For example, in regions where the "flame" predominates, it is better to sow a shelled sunflower, where the structure of the basket will serve as protection against pests. Seeds in it are very dense and practically not affected by larvae.

Common diseases

The task of protecting a popular cultureis complicated by the fact that there is too much fungal disease. Since there are about 50 species, one should pay attention to the most common diseases of sunflower.

Common diseases include: fomopsis, downy mildew, white and gray rot.

Despite the fact that there are hybrid varietiessunflower, to win the final victory in the fight against plant infections has not yet succeeded. Therefore, every effort should be made to protect the future crop from sunflower diseases to the maximum. Below are some recommendations.

• Certain varieties of sunflowers need to be isolated from each other, in order to avoid unwanted pollination. For this purpose, a space is created or the fields are divided by forest planting.
• In autumn, plowing is carried out with the help of autumn tools. This method allows deep loosening of the ground and disturbing the vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.
• It is important to carefully remove the tops and destroy the carrion. Infected remnants serve as an excellent haven for bacteria - by the next season there will be significantly more.
• Since many fungi live in the soil, the treatment of the field with fungicides will help protect sunflower from diseases.

How to protect seedlings

The diseases of sunflower seedlings include: mold, root rot and species of various bacteria. Pathogens penetrate into the shoots and small shoots. Accumulation of pathogens occurs in the soil and seeds. With a large infestation of soil and planting material, the shoots can either die right away or not rise at all.

Young plants can be harmed by blackspotting, which is recognized by brown spots with a light edging. Traces of an indeterminate form appear on the stem, and then on the leaves. If the plant does not die, then it looks frail and there is no full development. With such a disease, the leaves and stalk dry in sunflower, which in turn affects the quality and quantity of seeds. Harvest in this case is reduced by 20%, and the degree of oiliness - by 10-12%.

To prevent rot and mold of future shoots, use the protective agent "Supervin", with which to handle the planting material.

Gray rot

Rotting of a basket of sunflower provokes graymoldy mushroom - "Botritis". Deformed baskets, with oily stains on the back side can be observed everywhere. The reason for this is the resistance of the infection. She lives for a very long time in the soil and can penetrate into the seeds of the sunflower. On the leaves, the fungus appears as a gray plaque. Infection promotes softening of lesions and eventually these areas rot.

Gray rot is able to dump even hybridvarieties, so you can not sow the sunflowers near marshes, rivers and in in-depth places. Well, when the direction of the rows accompanies the wind. Before sowing the seeds must be processed.

The crops are treated with such means as "Duo Clinic", "Dominator" and "Chistopol".

Fighting Fomopsis

In people, this disease is called sulfurspotting and as a rule it is localized on the stem. Manifestations in the form of spots are dangerous for plant development and it is difficult to fight with them. Since fomopsis is considered to be a virus disease of sunflower, this complicates the process of measures taken to inhibit the growth of bacteria.

Increased temperature, excessive precipitation and contaminated residues create the fungus favorable conditions for its formation and further spread.

To reduce the risk of the disease, it is necessary to alternate crops of crops and clean after harvesting.

White rot

This disease is characterized by a white coating in the form ofa gun. Such manifestations can be called spontaneous, since they can emerge at any stage of plant development. Even a new shoot of sunflower disease can destroy immediately. Sclerotinia, as this disease is also called, develops in the spring at a temperature of +15 ^about FROM. With a later defeat, it is possible to save the baskets of sunflower, as only the stems become diseased. But this is when the culture has already formed. When the white moss covers the stems before flowering, it gradually thins out the lesions and the plant breaks.

The basal form of a fungal infection is dangerous, because it inhibits the intake of the necessary substances for plant nutrition.

Low temperature, thickened plantings and clogging of fields lead to white rot.

In this disease, sunflower is not usedfungicides, therefore it is necessary to take some measures to protect it. It is important to create a good airing during the entire vegetation period. It is necessary to destroy the weed grass in time and not to sow the sunflowers too thickly. To protect crops, use hybrid varieties of this crop. Also, it is necessary to destroy the affected plants mechanically.

Downy mildew

Infectious disease of sunflower is characterized by a variety of its manifestations. Throughout the season you can observe such pictures:

• At the first stage of plant developmentthey stop in growth, the stem becomes thin. On the anomalously small leaves, whitish spots appear along the entire length of the central veinlet. On the underside of the leaf, the fungal mycelium is clearly visible.
• Another symptom of the life of the fungus,is expressed in the formation of angular spots that have a light green color and cover the front side of the sheet. Such manifestations contribute to the development of dwarfism.
• If the infection is located around the rootsystem, the sunflower reaches its maturity, but the activity of the fungus affects the quality of the seeds. Their number decreases and a significant part of them are empty seeds, many of which are infected with fungal spores.

There are 5 types of mildew disease. In this regard, it is possible to expect the emergence and development of infection at any stage of vegetation of plants. To protect the crops from such an insidious defeat as powdery mildew, the field treatment with fungicide "Desaral Extra" should be carried out.

Aphids are a dangerous pest

Small aphids are capable of great harm. Reproduction of insects is too fast, and it can destroy the entire crop. Aphids feed on plant juice, the consequence of which is its depletion, and then complete drying out. The excretions that it leaves on the leaves oppress photosynthesis, and this affects the growth of sunflowers.

The presence of aphids is determined by the species of plants. At first it frowns, and the following that can be noticed are the yellow specks on the leaves, gradually increasing in size. On the reverse side there is a sticky coating and the leaves twist.

Large weeds can serve as bridges for the migration of aphids to sunflower. Weed harvesting will significantly reduce the number of harmful insects.

When applying fertilizers it is important not to overdo it with nitrogen, as this will be a good bait for aphids.

The interval between the rotation should be at least 3 years. During this time, the larvae die.

Other types of pests

Insects bring a lot of trouble, since theyquickly spoil the plants. The greatest danger from them are: sunflower firefly, cotton scoop, meadow butterfly, sunflower barbel, shiponose, sand throat. And, for each type of harmful insect there is a zone of activity. Shipoki and usonosy eat the stems of the plant, the firefly "registers" with seeds, and moths and spider mites spoil the leaves. Crickets, snails, weevils and scoops can provoke diseases of sunflower seedlings.

A sand tarry. Beetles damage the cotyledonous part and leaves of sunflower, hibernate deep in the earth, and spring creep to the surface.

To destroy these large pests, alkaline and calcareous substances are introduced into the soil.

The best way to protect yourself from a slow-moving is to process the planting material with a Fentiurama slurry. Beetles are afraid of this smell.

Sunflower sheen. Insects live in the steppes and lay eggs under the peel of sunflower. Inside the plant, the shponoski turn the stems and feed on the contents from the stem.

The remnants after harvesting should be burned, because the thorns find shelter in them for wintering.

The scoop is meadow. The insect destroys small shoots. The accumulation of larvae of the scoop is found in the basal aerial part of the plant. They bite the stems, as a result of which the sunflowers fall and the area with the shoots looks thinned. Females love clogged areas, since the grass serves as a place for laying eggs.

Soil loosening and the destruction of weeds are effective ways to control pests.

Insecticides for the destruction of the scoop: Decis, Bazudin and Arrirre.

The meadow moth. Pests of this kind are capable of causing huge damage. They eat sunflower leaves too fast. Moths tolerate frosts and live in the soil.

The insecticide "Bi-58" will help to get rid of the meadow pest.

Seed Defeat

There are two main causes of diseases of sunflower seeds:

Disease originates from hittingplanting material in an unfavorable environment. When sowing into contaminated soil, healthy seeds are attacked by fungi and lose their properties. This in turn affects the development of the plant. Lesions of seminal baskets with gray sclerotinia and dry rot contribute to the further development of infection. Thus, the contaminated soil becomes the cause of the disease of the seeds.

The second reason is high humidity on the field andduring harvesting of sunflower. If there is a lot of precipitation before harvesting, the seeds become vulnerable to damage. Being in one field, each basket of sunflower ripens in its own way. Seeds with different maturity in harvesting fall into one bunker, and for themselves create inappropriate conditions. Unripe residues contribute to increase in temperature and moisture. Seeds lose their natural shine, and the core becomes dark.

Protection of planting material is an important factor ingrowing sunflower. The methods of treatment of diseases, which were given in this article, help to protect seeds. For example, soil treatment with fungicides and non-thickened crops to some extent guarantee the preservation of seeds. Of great importance is the choice of sunflower varieties.

Unusual application of seeds

Not everyone knows that germinated seedsare a medicine. They include fatty acids, vegetable proteins, microelements and vitamins. The content of tocopherol is the main factor why sunflower sprouts from female diseases can provide invaluable help. They are used to treat infertility. For pregnant sprouts are useful in that they contain folic acid, which is necessary for the normal development of the embryo. Sprouts improve digestion and purify the body.

Conclusion

Sufficient knowledge about sunflower diseases andmeasures to combat them will help preserve the harvest. Although yields often fall due to climatic conditions, farmers who face losses would be well advised to review whether all the rules for agro-technology are compulsory. It is for this reason that cultivated plants become more vulnerable. The implementation of necessary technologies is the protection of sunflower from pests and diseases.