Homemade engine: the purpose, the device and the principle of operation. How to make an engine

A homemade engine can be manufacturedin several ways. We'll start with a bipolar or stepper variant, which is an electric motor with a double pole without brushes. It has DC power, divides the full revolution into equal parts. A special controller is required to operate this device. In addition, the structure of the device includes winding, magnetic elements, transmitters, signaling devices and a control unit with a panel of instruments. The main purpose of the unit is to equip the milling and grinding machines, as well as to ensure the operation of various household, production and transport mechanisms.

Types of motors

A homemade engine can have several configurations. Among them:

• Variants with permanent magnet.
• Combined synchronous model.
• Variable motor.

The permanent magnet drive is equipped with a basicelement in the rotor part. The operation of such devices is based on the principle of attraction or repulsion between the stator and the rotor of the device. Such a stepper motor is equipped with a rotor part made of iron. The principle of its work is based on a fundamental basis, according to which, the maximum permissible repulsion is made with a minimum gap. This facilitates the attraction of the rotor points to the poles of the stator. Combined devices combine both parameters.

Another option is two-phase stepper motors. The device is a simple design, can have two types of winding, it is easy to install in the necessary place.

Monopolar modifications

A homemade engine of this type consists ofSingle winding and a central magnetic valve that affects all phases. Each winding bay is activated to provide a specific magnetic field. Since in such a circuit the pole is able to function without additional switching, the commutation of the path and the current direction has an elementary device. For a standard motor with an average power, one transistor is sufficient, provided in equipping each winding. A typical two-phase motor design involves six wires on the output signal and three similar elements in phase.

The microcontroller of the unit can be used foractivating the transistor in an automatically determined sequence. In this case, the windings are connected by connecting the output wires and a permanent magnet. When the coil terminals interact, the shaft is locked to rotate. The resistance value between the common wire and the end part of the coil is proportional to the similar aspect between the ends of the wiring. In this regard, the length of the common wire is twice as large as the connecting half of the coil.

Bipolar options

A homemade stepper motor of this typeequipped with one winding phase. The flow of current into it is carried out by a fracture method by means of a magnetic pole, which causes the circuit to become more complex. It usually aggregates with the connecting bridge. There are a couple of extra wires that are not common. When the signal of such a motor is mixed at higher frequencies, the friction efficiency of the system is reduced.

Three-phase analogues having narrow specialization are also created. They are used in the design of CNC machines, as well as in some automotive on-board computers and printers.

The device and the principle of operation

When the voltage is transferred to the motor brush terminalsare brought into continuous rotation. The idle setting is unique because it converts incoming pulses to a predetermined position of the existing drive shaft.

Any impulse signal acts on the shaft underspecific angle. Such a reducer is most effective if a row of magnetic teeth is placed around a central toothed iron rod or its analog. Electric magnets are activated from an external control circuit consisting of a micro regulator. To start the rotation of the motor shaft, one active electromagnet attracts the teeth of the wheel to its surface. When aligned with the leading element, they move slightly to the next magnetic part.

In the stepper motor, the first magnet mustThe next element is deactivated. As a result, the gear starts to rotate, gradually aligning with the previous wheel. The process is repeated one after another the required number of times. Such turns have been called "a constant step". The speed of rotation of the motor can be determined by counting the number of steps for the complete rotation of the unit.

Connectivity

Connecting a mini-engine made byhands, is carried out according to a certain scheme. The main attention is drawn to the number of wires of the drive, as well as the purpose of the device. Motors of step type can be equipped with 4, 5, 6 or 8 wires. Modification with four wiring elements can be operated exclusively with a bipolar device. Any phase winding has two wires. To determine the required length of the connection in the step-by-step mode, it is recommended to use a conventional meter that allows you to set the required parameter accurately enough.

On a powerful six-wire motor is provideda pair of wires for each winding and a centering cock that can be connected to a mono or bipolar device. For aggregation with a single device, all six wires are used, and for a pair analog it will be sufficient to have one end of the wire and the central tap of each winding.

How to make a drive with your own hands?

To create an elementary motor, you need a piece of magnet, a drill, a fluoroplastic, a copper wire, a microchip, a wire. Instead of a magnet, you can use an unnecessary cell phone vibrate.

As a detail of rotation, a drill is used,Since the tool is optimally suitable for technical parameters. If the inner radius of the magnet does not correspond to a similar aspect of the shaft, you can use a copper wire, wound it in such a way as to remove the play of the shaft. This operation makes it possible to increase the diameter of the shaft at the point of connection with the rotor.

In the future, creating a self-made engineit will be necessary to make the sleeves of PTFE. To do this, take the prepared sheet and make a hole with a diameter of 3 mm. Then construct the sleeve tube. The shaft must be ground to a diameter that allows free movement. This will avoid unnecessary friction.

The final stage

Next, the coils are wound. The frame of the required size is clamped in a yew. To wind 60 turns, you need 0.9 meters of wire. After the procedure, the coil is treated with a glue composition. It is best to conduct this delicate procedure with a microscope or a magnifying glass. After each double winding, a drop of glue is inserted between the bushing and the wire. One edge of each winding is soldered together, which will make it possible to obtain a single node with a pair of outputs that are soldered to the microchip.

Technical plan parameters

Mini-engine, made by own hands, depending on the design features, can have different characteristics. Below are the parameters of the most popular stepwise modifications:

1. ШД-1 - has a step of 15 degrees, has 4 phases and a torque of 40 Nt.
2. ДШ-0,04 А - the step is 22,5 degrees, the number of phases - 4, revolutions - 100 Nt.
3. ДШИ-200 - 1,8 degrees; 4 phases; 0,25 Nt of the twisting moment.
4. ДШ-6 - 18/4/2300 (the values ​​are indicated by analogy with the previous parameters).

Knowing how to make an engine at home,it is necessary to remember that the speed of the twisting index of the stepper motor will be transformed directly in proportion to the analogous current parameter. The lowering of the linear moment at high speeds directly depends on the drive circuit and the inductance of the windings. Engines with IP 65 degree of protection are designed for harsh working conditions. Compared to servers, stepper models work much longer and more productive, do not require frequent repairs. However, the servo motors have a slightly different orientation, so comparing these types does not make much sense.

Making homemade ICE

The motor can also be made on liquidfuel. It does not require complex equipment and professional tools. A plunger pair is required, which can be taken from a tractor or automobile fuel pump. The cylinder of the plunger bushing is created by trimming the thickened element of the hood. Then you should make holes for the exhaust and bypass window, solder a couple of nuts in the upper part, designed for spark plugs. The type of elements is M-6. The piston is cut from the plunger.

Homemade diesel engine will require installationcrankcase. It is made of tin with sealed bearings. Additional strength will create a fabric covered with epoxy resin, which covers the element.

The crankshaft is assembled from a thickened washer withpair of holes. In one of them it is necessary to press the shaft, and the second extreme socket serves for mounting the stud with the connecting rod. The operation is also performed by pressing.

Final work on assembling a self-made diesel engine

Below is the order of assembling the ignition coil:

• Used a part from the car or motorcycle.
• A suitable candle is installed.
• Insulators are fixed, fixed with the help of "epoxy".

An alternative to a motor with an internal combustion engine can becontactless motor of a closed type, the device and the principle of operation of which represent a system for the reverse exchange of gases. It is made up of a two-section chamber, piston, crankshaft, transfer box, ignition system. Knowing how to make a drive with your own hands, you can save a lot and get the necessary and useful thing on the farm.