Existence is a philosophy with a human face

Existence is a concept thatis interpreted as a human "I" in terms of the existence of the individual. This term was introduced by Søren Kierkegaard, who is one of the founders of existential philosophy.

Believing that existence is an innateproperty of the human essence, existentialists consider human being to be detached from the society and its connections, referring to individual and psychic personal properties and elevating the human personality as an individual in absolute terms.

This philosophical trend has found a vivid reflection in the literature. It is believed that existentialism in literature goes back to the origins of the work of the French writer Albert Camus.

Along with the work of Sartre, the works of Camus, inin particular, the novel "The Stranger", became the embodiment of the search for the freedom of the human person from the public shackles, introduced into the framework of the stable postulates of generally accepted morality.

Existentialist personality - not a fighter onThe barricades and not theoreticians of new revolutionary ideas. He is a rebel within himself. His struggle is a kind of protection against fear of a hostile society, which instills in him an aversion, confusion and anxiety.

Representatives of this trend believed thatExistence is a kind of subjective anthropology, contrasted with the Hegelian interpretation of the objective development of the human personality. Considering the experience of the situation within one's own ego, besides which the person has nothing to rely on, existentialism is implicated in the aesthetic category, reflecting the attitude towards personal moral principles.

Existence in the 20th century in the West, existentialismis rooted in the 19th century, in Russia, where the first representatives of existentialism lived and worked. Back in the 1830s, I.V. Kireevsky introduced the concept of "existence" and formulated some ideas of the current (later adopted in the West in the Latin version: existentia).

Trends existentialism can be found already in the early works of Pushkin.

Little people - the heroes of "Belkin's Tales" isrepresentatives of the middle classes, above all they are valuable as individuals. Each of them - a person who can deeply feel, doubt, love, suffer.

Undertaker Adrian Prokhorov ("Undertaker") dreamssleep, where his future customers come to him, who are actually still alive. And this shows his anguish about his profession, especially after he visited a neighbor-shoemaker Shultz, a cheerful, good-natured little man with an "open mind."

Samson Vyrin ("Stationmaster") died ofgrief and longing for his beloved daughter, not believing that a wealthy hussar, a man belonging to a higher estate, can make the poor stationmaster's daughter happy. He sees life through the prism of his own personality and subjective consciousness.

Burmin ("Snowstorm") for four years was tormented by the fact that he could not offer his hand and heart to his beloved girl, being, by the absurd accident and thoughtlessness of youth, married in a winter snowy night with a stranger.

In the philosophical dictionary published in Germany (1961)), it is argued that essentially existential thinking is Slavic, since it took shape under the strong influence of the works of F. Dostoevsky.

The Existency of Dostoevsky's Heroes is Immersionin a dream, in his own philosophical thoughts. So the hero of his early novel The Dreamer argues, who endured "shameful abuse" from the authorities. And the altruism of Ivan Petrovich ("The Insulted and Injured") helps him to survive, to preserve moral purity.

The existentialism that emerged on Russian soil is a concept close to the ethical category of morality, to the concept of "conscience" (deeper than in the traditional Freudian interpretation).