Types of political systems and political institutions

In order to understand what the institutions of the political system are like, what components are divided and what the political systems are in essence, it is necessary first to understand the terminology.

The political system is called the aggregateactions of all political subjects connected with the exercise of government power, their relations and interaction based on the value-normative foundation. A synonym for the term "political system" is the term "political organization of society".

In simpler terms, the political systemis considered the unity of state, legal, public, political institutions and norms, as well as the mutual activity of political actors that promote the exercise of power and government.

Despite the fact that the political system is an indivisible whole, like any structure, it is divided into constituent elements that are called subsystems or spheres.

Subsystems of the political system:

• Institutional. The main place in it is occupied by the state, except for it in the subsystem includes the main political institutions, the media, the church, public groups, relations between them. It should be remembered that the institutions of the political system are historically established, stable formations, a set of norms, rules (formal and informal), attitudes, etc., designed to organize the political system. Political institutions are not political organizations.

The institutions of the political system, in turn,are divided into relational, regulative, cultural. Relational determine the role of the political system, the regulatory determine the legal framework, cultural responsible for the interests of certain layers or groups as a whole. Cultural institutions are closely related to the notion of "political roles".

• The normative sphere (subsystem) is responsible for the cultural, legal and moral life of society, regulates political life, supports cultural traditions.
• The functional subsystem is a set of methods for exercising power.
• Communicative implies all kinds of political interaction.
• Ideological defines political ideas and worldviews.
• The cultural subsystem is a set ofsociety of political models, values, orientations, ways of behavior, goals. It is the polyculture that contributes to the stability of the social system, the continuity of political life, the continuity of political generations.

If we consider the types of political systems, then we can distinguish:

• Totalitarian political systems. These are systems of a closed type, based on the power of the dominant party, which is the core of the system. The state is represented by officials who are fully responsible for the distribution of the products of labor. The distribution corresponds to the place of position in society, and the individual is in the total subordination of the collective. Public organizations conduct only the policy of the ruling party. Any dissent is severely suppressed.
• Liberal-democratic types of politicalsystems are characterized by openness. They allow private property, market relations in the economy, pluralism and the existence of a multi-party system in politics, legal behavior and the existence of democratic institutions. Such types of political systems imply the relations of all political actors on the basis of the constitution. The goal is to ensure the broad interests of the whole society.
• Transitional types of political systems are differenta mixture of contradictory (and sometimes mutually exclusive) phenomena and processes. In the transition period, the neighborhood of pluralism and political intolerance, the desire for reforms and attempts to retain the old order is possible. The state in transition systems can either promote new ideas, strive for the evolution of the state, or hinders this phenomenon.

There are some other classificationspolitical systems. Some political scientists distinguish authoritarian-conservative, traditional, communist. Others divide them into continental European, Anglo-American, totalitarian. Different approaches are based on different classifications: political, managerial, economic.