History and types of republics

In the modern world, the republican formgovernment, perhaps, is the most popular in the state structure of the countries of the world. But what exactly is she like? What kinds of republics are there? Let's try to understand.

Types of republics: an excursion into the history

The term itself comes from the Latin words res (business) and publica (general). I.e

literally it implies a common (public)a business. In ancient Greece and Rome at a certain stage of their existence there was exactly such a form of government. Actually, even then it became evident in practice that the republican concept can have different forms, framed in specific types of republics. So, in the Greek polices there was its democratic variant. This meant that all full citizens of the policy (men who reached maturity and who live from birth on its territory) have the right to vote in public assemblies (ecclesias), where issues of special importance were decided and a governing body was elected - the council of archons.

In the Roman state, there wascalled aristocratic republic, in which only aristocrats (patricians) ruled the ball. After the fall of ancient civilization and the formation of barbarian kingdoms, this form of government did not at all depart from the stage of history, although it was far removed from the feudal and, later, absolute

monarchy.

Different types of republics existed in Venice,Genoa, some Germanic lands. In Novgorod Rus, the boyars who signed an agreement with the princes had significant levers of power. Zaporizhzhya Sich is also often called the Cossack republic. However, a truly full-fledged revival of the republican form of government took place after the Renaissance.

Modern views were formed under thethe influence of the ideas of prominent enlighteners: Locke, Rousseau, Hobbes. An important place here was occupied by the idea of ​​the so-called social contract, in which the idea was expressed that once upon a time people voluntarily renounced part of their rights in favor of state power. However, this implied the obligation of the state itself to the people and the latter's right to insurrection, if the power passes the legal framework. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries were the time of the fall of monarchical regimes and the establishment of a democratic system, first in European countries, and then throughout the world.

Modern Republic: concept, signs, types

In the modern world such a device assumes the following fundamental properties:

• The principle of separation of powers implies the creation of several branches of power (independent of each other and with different powers). This principle is necessary as an additional measure of protection against possibleusurpation of power by one person or a group of like-minded people. Most often distinguish three branches: the legislative (parliament), the executive (the president and the cabinet) and the judicial (in fact, the system of courts), but in some countries there are additional (supervisory, examination, etc.).
• Mandatory regular election of the highest authorities: the president and the parliament (in some cases the president can be elected indirectly, through the parliament).
• The supremacy of the Constitution in the legal system of the state. Legal responsibility before the law of representatives of authority.

Republics can be parliamentary andpresidential, depending on the balance of powers between these institutions. For example, the US is a classical presidential one, where the initiative to form a government belongs to the head of state. Different types of presidential republic are represented in many countries of Latin America and Africa. In Italy (and almost everywhere in Europe), on the contrary, the president himself is elected by the parliament, which means that the latter has more levers of influence.

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